How to Write and Produce a Dissertation

How to Write and Produce a Dissertation inceptionWhile the course work is an important type of every doctorial program, it is the speech that is uniquely you. The emergence chosen should be angiotensin-converting enzyme that interests you, and that re fork ups an sector of examine that you go off use to identify you as maven with special expertness in a particular ara. Therefore, it is very important to expire with forethought into the thesis process. Choose the affair with c ar. Also be sure to choose your advisors cargonfully, as they pull up stakes be your guides and mentors.This guidebook has been intentional to support you with the in degreeation you read to successfully complete this process. Read and follow it c arfully. You atomic number 18 responsible for understanding and applying its contents.Research CriteriaTo produce a discourse of which you and your enlighten can be justly proud, it is essential that your discourse meet genuine quality commonpl aces that ar gener altogethery recognized in graduate education. The pursuance policy statement, by the Council of Graduate drills, indicates in customary terms what is expected.The record (doctoral dissertation) should demonstrate b memorializeth of scholarship, depth of look into, and ability to investigate b new(prenominal)s independently and efficiently.It (dissertation) moldiness be a evidential contri scarceion to scholarship.It should reveal the students ability to analyze, interpret, and compound and demonstrate thorough knowledge of the literature relating to the projectMore particularally, the capability of the prepare of Education has adopted the following criteria indicating that the doctoral look should put the relevance of existing theories to the problem.Include an original and unique dimension which builds on cited look for.Enable the medical prognosis to enter the national or regional debate.Be sufficiently broad from which to generalize to a larger a udience.Acculturate the candidate to differing academic communities.Encourage the continuation of scholarly compriseivity.Reflect the methodology provide to the type of research commonly found in dissertations.Dissertation paper and CommitteeHow do I get started? How is my commission formed?The head start steps in producing a dissertation are (1) the excerption of a topic (2) the selection and appointment of a research advisor and (3) the selection and appointment of a research charge to provide advisement end-to-end the process.Dissertation TopicEarly in your doctoral studies, you should be sen metrent about research topics that interest you. Keep a nonebook of ideas as they come to you. As you read for your various classes, sum up to or wipe off from your notebook of ideas. Talk in screen outisly with your professors. Find out their interests. Discuss- ing your ideas for potentiality dissertation topics with several power constituents helps you in selecting your t opic and in choosing a delegation. As your ideas about topics and committal members crystallize, you will want to discuss them with your adviserand department moderate. The topic you eventually select must(prenominal)iness be a topic useful to you and a topic of interest to a faculty member willing to serve as your advisor.Final selection of your topic will not occur until your coursework is nearly completed. You will need to consider much(prenominal) factors as the blood ofyour topic to your ambit of specialized schooling. Select a topic related to an area of academic strength in which you can put up research responsibly. Finally, be sure that adequate La sierra University resources are available for the support of the research, such as faculty guidance, depository library holdings (or access to relevant documents), and laboratory facilities.The Research AdvisorThe dissertation deputation precede is the inaugural member of the military commissionselected. The respons ibility forassigning a tame ultimately restswith the dean, but you commence the initial responsibility to observe a chairthat is willing to work with you and is interested in your topic. Thischair must be a faculty member inwardlythe School of Education and is usually an individual in your major department. Because it is important to turn out a chair who has an interest in yourproposed topic, you should have achair assigned before you enroll inthe last research methods class, EDRS704.Finally, mold your formal request for theassignment of the chair to the dean.Dissertation CommitteeYour dissertation perpetration must contain atleast three members. The social rank shall consist of a chair, one extra facultymember from at furnish the School ofEducation, and one faculty member that whitethorn be within the larger La Sierra University faculty, or possibly a faculty member ina different University.Approach potential committee members directly asking about their relationship t oyour come-at-able topic and whether they would have an interest in serving onyour committee. When you have agree- ment from all your potential committee members, be sure to report back to the dean for nett assignment of your committee.The chair carries the primary responsibility for guiding you through your dissertation and is the personwith whom you work most closely. Aneasy, working relationship with yourcommittee chair is most important. The responsibilities of the chair are to(1) provide guidance for the disserta- tion object and act as chairwomanduring the committee meetings, (2)supervise completion of the disserta- tion, and (3) act as chairperson ofthe final oral defense.The responsibilities of the committee members are to (1) provide leaveitional advisement to the student and/or act as a chairperson in the absence of the chairperson, (2) serve on a committee to read the dissertation marriage offer and participateduring consideration of the proposal, and (3) serve on a c ommittee to read the dissertation and participate during the final oral defense.In amplifyition to the three (or more)committee members, each dissertationThe intentionWhat is the straight-laced format for a proposal? What are the steps in get a proposal approved?The proposal serves as a centre between the student and the dissertation committee that, when approved by all parties, constitutes an agreement that data whitethorn be collected and the contain whitethorn be completed. As long as the student follows the steps adumbrate in the proposal, committee members should be discouraged from demanding authoritative changes to the study afterwards the proposal has been approved. Naturally, it is not uncommon to expect small changes, additions or deletions, because one can never envision the unpredictable turns that studies can take.The dissertation proposal is radiation diagramed to show the purpose and organization of your research. The proposal gives your committee equal in formation to determine whether the topic your are investigat- ing and the procedures you will be using will be enamour.Proposal DevelopmentThe Research Methods Class, EDRS704a or 704b, is designed to help you understand the process of writing aformal research proposal and, hopefully, in the class you will havecompleted or nearly completed theresearch proposal. Regardless, this class will be a valuable resource,although final proposal approval is a responsibility of your committee.Proposal Format and ContentIn both the proposal and the dissertation you are to follow the latest edition of The School of Educa- tion Doctoral Dissertation vade mecum and the American Psychological Association PublicationManual, fifth edition.Unless an other(a)(prenominal)wise indicated by your committee, your proposal will generally consist of the follow- ing chapters and ingredientsChapter 1Purpose and formation gateway and background of the studyStatement of the problemPurpose of the study/signifi cance of studyTheoretical foundationResearch questions and null hypothesesLimitations and delimitations translation of TermsSummary and delimitate of the remainder of the proposalChapter 2 polish up of Related stuff and nonsenseInclude an overview and description of represen- tative literature that supports the methodology utilise in the research. For certain types of research (such as statistical or clinical studies) this may require a brief description of procedures and instrumentation of earlier studies.This review is not expected to be as extensive as the completed Chapter 2 in the final dissertation. A typical outline for this chapter is as followsSummaries and critiques of previous studiesAnalysis of theories which bear on the studiesUnresolved Issues, significantproblems or questions requiring further study.Evidence that the specific study proposed arises out of need demonstrated in this chapter and that the proposed study could fill in gaps or add to substantive or theo reti- cal understandingSummaryChapter 3Research methodological analysisListed below are the most common sections to be included in this chapter. For some studies such as historical, philosophical, ordevelopmental studies, other items would be proper.Introduction Population and sample Description of instrument(s)Research procedures and time stopvarlet of the studyAnalytical procedures to be employ to attain the objectives, test the hypotheses, or respond to the research questions of the studySummaryPreparation of Your ProposalYou must prepare your proposal in a logical, handsome form. Your committee settle your fitness to conduct research on your topic based on the quality of the proposal.If you have any problems with the English language, we advise you to employ the work ofan editor in chiefial assistant who can aid you in presenting to your committee polished prose in approved format and style. Your committee is not respon- sible to be your editor or writer. As a researcher, these responsibilities are yours.Committee InvolvementDuring the training of your proposal you have fortune to establish a working relationship with your committee chair. First submit all drafts to your committeechair for rating and comment.After your committee chair has given approval, share the draft with theother members of your committee. You must maintain this approach throughout the writing of the dissertation.When both your committee chair and the members of your committee have had opportunity to evaluate your proposal, request your committee chair to call your committee for formal consider- ation of your proposal.For this meeting, you must furnish one write of your dissertation proposal to your committee chair and each committee member. Your committee, in formal face-to-face meeting discusses your proposal and questions you on any parts they believe may need revision. The committee will indeed discuss whether or not they will give approval to your proposal. They may or may not invite you to remain for this session. Consult with your com- mittee chair. force Research SpecialistEach dissertation committee shall receive formal input, in writing, from a faculty research specialist prior to the time of proposal approval.Institutional Research Board (IRB)If you are conducting research involving benevolent subjects as part of your degree program, you must submit a proposal of research to the Institution of Review Board (IRB) for approval. This proposal includes a general summary of the purpose of the study, a detailed description of the study, the letter of assured consent to be signed by thesubjects or their parents/guardians, and the copies of tests to be administered (if other than well- known standard tests). Detailed guidelines concerning this proposal are available in the office of the chairperson of the IRB. A report from the IRB should be attached to the final approved proposal.6 Only after approval of your proposal are yourready to begin colle ction of the data for the dissertation itself.DissertationHow does my committee function? What is the role of consultants?What are the contents of a dissertation?An magnificently produced dissertation will demon- strate your familiarity with the literature pertinent to the topic, demonstrate your competence to conduct independent research and present a logically organized and light account of the investigation, its findings, conclusions, and impli- cations. It should focus on a clearly definedproblem of strong importance to the profession and employ well planned and penalize acceptable research techniques.Working with the CommitteeThe chair of your dissertation committee carries the primary responsibility for guiding the disserta- tion and holds the prerogative of deciding when draft copy is or is not ready for examination by the other members of the committee. The preferent method of dissertation development in the School of Education is chapter-by-chapter incoming to the comm ittee, however, the committee chair has the privilege of choosing another procedure with the consent of the committee.When your committee chair has cleared achapter or section, prepare copies to present to the other members of your committee. After receiving their response, move on to the next chapter or section. It is well not to begin a new chapter for your dissertation until you resolve all questions on the previous chapter. If you have not heard from your committee members within a reasonable gunpoint, consult with your committee chair.In qualitative research, questions will hold on to surface until the end of the study. Therefore, workon several chapters may bear on simultaneously. Plan to pace your submissions to your committeechair and members. Professors should be given opportunity to read you material thoughtfully. Plan on approximately two weeks time. Do notexpect committee members to respond to your time schedule.Working with ConsultantsIt is possible that you may wish or need toconsult with individuals with special expertise such as statisticians or editors. Use such consultants discriminatingly to assist in developing your own understanding of and ability to communicate the various dimensions of the study. army of ContentsEvery dissertation consists of three parts prelimi- nary pages, text, and role materials. In addition, it must have an abstract. All the pages of these parts occur in a certain order and are counted and/or numbered according to specific rules. The following outlines incorporate a step by step sashay through the skeleton of the dissertation. Not every dissertation will need every heading. Some dissertations, on the other hand, may needto add headings not mentioned here or subdivide some of these. Keep in mind there is no standard outline all dissertations are required to follow, however, this is a suggested guideline. It must be understood that this outline may not be suffi- ciently comprehensive to fit all studies and that m odifications, deletions, or additions may be madeas needed.Quantitative DissertationThe following items are normally in a quantita- tive dissertation. The items to include and the location of the items within sections may vary. For more detailed descriptions regarding each section, refer to produce guide books to a doctoral dissertation.Front Matter Title page airliftAcknowledgments (optional) commitment (optional)Table of contentsList of tables, figures and illustrationChapter 1Purpose and musical arrangementIntroduction and background of the studyStatement of the problemPurpose of the study/significance of studyTheoretical foundationResearch questions and null hypotheses Limitations and delimitations Assumptions and rendering of terms Organization of the documentChapter 2Review of Related MaterialIntroductionSummaries and critiques of previous studies Analysis of theories which bear on the studies Unresolved issues, significant problems andunanswered questions requiring studyE vidence that the specific study proposed arises out of inevitably demonstrated in this chapter and that the proposed study could fill in gaps or add to substantive or theoreti- cal understandingSummaryChapter 3Research methodology Introduction Population and sampleDescription of instrument(s)Research procedures and time period of the studyHow the data are to be analyzed to attain the objectives, test the hypotheses, or respond to the research questions of the studyChapter 4Results (or Findings) of the Analysis of dataIntroductionResults (of findings) regarding the first hy- pothesis, or question being investigatedResults of findings regarding the second (and others in sequence)Results regarding interactions, if any, among the hypotheses or research questionsResults and findings on matters not planned aspart of the study but which were uncovered in the investigation course and which are relevantSummaryChapter 5Conclusions, Implications andRecommendationsIntroductionConclusions dra wn regarding the hypotheses, or research questions as stated in Chapter 1 (Each is dealt with as a topic separately. Ifthere are interactions among some or all of the objectives, hypotheses, or research questions, those interactions are treated as separate topics.)SummaryRecommendations for further studies and programmatic recommendations closing curtain MatterReference and notesAppendicesQualitative DissertationQualitative dissertations are field focused and therefore allow the researcher to approach writing the dissertation with flexibility in format. For more detailed descriptions regarding each section, referto published guidebooks to a doctoral dissertation.Front Matter Title page AbstractAcknowledgments (optional) Dedication (optional)Table of contentsList of tables, figures and illustrationChapter 1IntroductionBackground, history and/or theoretical orientation of the studyPurpose of the study Description of the site Questions in the study Importance of the studyChapter 2Revie w of the LiteratureAnalysis of previous related studies Analysis of related theoretical literature Relationship of the literature to the currentstudyChapter 3MethodologyDescription of the studyResearch design (The research design will be planned in cooperation with the doctoral committee.)AnalysisChapters 4+Presentation of the FindingsThese chapters will present the findings in amanner appropriate to a given study. There may be one or several chapters needed to present the study. Arguments will be well formed, perceptive and grounded in thestudy. Theoretical arguments will be formed from the data and presented in a coherentand informative manner.Final ChapterConclusionThis chapter will present the conclusions drawn from the study, relate the findings to broader theoretical issues, critique the precess used, and describe implications which could equal other similar sites.End MatterReference and notesAppendicesForm and demeanorWhat are the typing rules for my dissertation? Who is t he final authority on form and style?What kind of paper do I use?The School of Education DoctoralDissertation Handbook must be used in conjunction with the American Psycho- logical Association PublicationManual, 5th edition. Where there arediscrepancies between the APA publica- tion manual and The School of Education Handbook, the doctoral disserta- tion handbook is to be followed.ProductionDissertations shall be produced by a intelligence processor. All dissertations are to be printed in black ink, using standard 10-12 point fonts, and using only one side of the page. Text must be clean, straight, and dark enough to be read and duplicated easily. Final copies must be laserprinted.PaperAll copies shall be produced on standard size 8-1/2 x 11 paper. For draft copies, use white amaze of at least 20 pound weight. Final copies shall be leave on high quality paper 20 pound bewilder with at least 25 percent rag content. To insure durable shelf life, use an acid-free paper with a min imum of 2% alkalescent reserve.MarginsThe left-hand margin must be 1 1/2 inches and all other margins must be a full 1 inch. The initial page of a chapter or a major section (i.e., table ofcontents, references, etc.) has a 2-inch margin at the top of the page.Absolutely zilch may be outside of these margins, except for the pagenumber. Do not use right or full justification.Page Numbering front pagesPreliminary pages that precede the main text are numbered with lower human face Roman numerals. Thetitle page is not numbered but isconsidered as the first page. If youelect to register a copyright, enclose a copyright page, but do not number it or include it in the pagination sequence. Subsequent numerals are centered 3/4 inch from the bottom edge of the paper.Main textAll pages are numbered at the top, 1 inch from the right margin, above thetext. The first page of the disserta- tion text is page 1. All pages must be numbered consecutively. To keep their location and size homogeneou s throughout the disserta- tion, page numbers are added after reducing tables or figures.

Structure Organization And Function Of The Human Body Biology Essay

Structure Organization And Function Of The Human Body Biology adjudicateCell argon the structural and righteousnessal units of both living beingnesss. slightly organisms, such as b make foreria, argon uni carrellular, consisting of a single prison cubicle. Other organisms, such as valets, are multicellular, or fix many cells-an estimated 100,000,000,000,000 cells Each cell is an painful world unto itself it can take in nutrients, convert these nutrients into energy, stand out change functions, and reproduce as necessary. Even more amazing is that from each unitary cell stores its own model of instruction manual for carrying out each of these activities.Prokaryotic Cells organisms that are lose of nuclear membrane, the membrane that surrounds the nub of a cell. Bacteria are the best known and most studied micturate of prokaryotic organisms, although the recent discovery of a second group of prokaryotes, c wholeed archaea, has provided read of a third cellular domain of life and new insights into the innovation of life itself. prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that do not develop or distinguishableiate into multicellular kinds. are capable of inhabiting almost every betoken on the earth, from the deep ocean, to the edges of hot springs, to just about every grow of our bodies.Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization, specifically their lack of a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes as well lack any of the intracellular organelles and structures that are characteristic of eukaryotic cells. Most of the functions of organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the Golgi apparatus, are interpreted over by the prokaryotic plasma membrane. Prokaryotic cells have terzetto architectural regions appendages called flagella and pili-proteins attached to the cell surface a cell gasbag consisting of a capsule, a cell wall, and a plasma membrane and a cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome ( deoxyribonucleic acid) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions.Eukaryotes include fungi, animals, and plants as hale as some unicellular organisms. Eukaryotic cells are about 10 times the size of a prokaryote and can be as much as 1000 times greater in volume. The study and extremely significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. Most beta among these is the presence of a effect, a membrane-delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cells desoxyribonucleic acid. It is this nucleus that gives the eukaryote-literally, true nucleus-its name.Cell Structures The BasicsThe plasm Membrane-A Cells Protective CoatThe outer lining of a eukaryotic cell is called the plasma membrane. This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its environ environment and is made mostly from a double layer of proteins and lipids, fat-like specks. implant wit hin this membrane are a variety of other molecules that act as channels and pumps, moving different molecules into and out of the cell. A form of plasma membrane is also found in prokaryotes, but in this organism it is usually referred to as the cell membrane.The Cytoskeleton-A Cells ScaffoldThe cytoskeleton is an important, complex, and dynamic cell comp unrivallednt. It acts to organize and maintain the cells shape anchors organelles in place helps during endocytosis, the uptake of out-of-door strongs by a cell and moves parts of the cell in processes of proceeds and motility. There are a great number of proteins associated with the cytoskeleton, each autocratic a cells structure by directing, bundling, and aligning filaments.The Cytoplasm-A Cells Inner Space deep down the cell there is a bragging(a) fluid-filled space called the cytoplasm, sometimes called the cytosol. In prokaryotes, this space is relatively free of compartments. In eukaryotes, the cytosol is the soup withi n which all of the cells organelles reside. It is also the home of the cytoskeleton. The cytosol contains dissolved nutrients, helps break down waste products, and moves somatic around the cell through a process called cytoplasmic streaming. The nucleus often flows with the cytoplasm changing its shape as it moves. The cytoplasm also contains many salts and is an excellent conductor of electricity, creating the perfect environment for the mechanics of the cell. The function of the cytoplasm, and the organelles which reside in it, are critical for a cells survival.Genetic visibleTwo different kinds of genetic material exist deoxyribonucleic vitriolic (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Most organisms are made of DNA, but a few viruses have RNA as their genetic material. The biological information contained in an organism is encoded in its DNA or RNA sequence.Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular structure that rests in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic mater ial is more complex and is divided into discrete units called genes. Human genetic material is made up of two evident components the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. The nuclear genome is divided into 24 linear DNA molecules, each contained in a different chromosome. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule separate from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial genome is very small, it codes for some very important proteins.OrganellesThe human body contains many different organs, such as the heart, lung, and kidney, with each organ performing a different function. Cells also have a set of little organs, called organelles, that are adapted and/or specialized for carrying out one or more vital functions. Organelles are found only in eukaryotes and are always surrounded by a protective membrane. It is important to know some basic facts about the following organelles.The Nucleus-A Cells CenterThe nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses the cells chromosomes and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA entailment occur. The nucleus is spheroid in shape and separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cells DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing. During processing, DNA is transcribed, or synthesized, into a special RNA, called mRNA. This mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus, where it is translated into a specific protein molecule. In prokaryotes, DNA processing takes place in the cytoplasm.The Ribosome-The Protein takings MachineRibosomes are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The ribosome is a large complex still of many molecules, including RNAs and proteins, and is responsible for processing the genetic instructions carried by an mRNA. The process of converting an mRNAs genetic code into the exact sequence of aminic acids that mak e up a protein is called translation. Protein synthesis is extremely important to all cells, and therefore a large number of ribosomes-sometimes hundreds or even thousands-can be found throughout a cell.Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm or sometimes bind to another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are composed of one large and one small subunit, each having a different function during protein synthesis.2. Describe and distinguish between the cell and wander organizations and systems.Tissues are the collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. The four primary interweave types in the human body epithelial create from raw stuff, co-occurrence tissue paper, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.Epithelial Tissue The cells are pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as linings in different parts of the body. It serves as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the bodys organs separate, in place and protected. Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue adjoin the bodys organs.Connective Tissue There are many types of connective tissue in the body. It adds support and structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue.Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and allow movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body. typeface Tissue Nerve tissue contains two types of cells neurons and glial cells. Nerve tissue has t he ability to generate and conduct galvanising signals in the body. These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and genetical down the spinal cord to the body.

The Differences Between Taoism And Buddhism Philosophy Essay

The Differences in the midst of Taoism And Buddhism Philosophy EssayTaoism is originated in China and many rely that it is started in the 6th century B.C. whereas Buddhism is said originated in the 500s B.C. in India. twain Taoism and Buddhism atomic number 18 great philosophical traditions and righteousnesss that have long histories and had strongly influenced and shaped the Chinese culture and values. These two religions have some sym roweticities, they blush considered as unity kind in Malaysias culture. Both Taoism and Buddhism belief in reincarnation which means the support after death and both have akin(predicate) ultimate determinations. However, they ar genuinely assorted in their beliefs, class periods and perspectives approximately psyche action, society, values, culture, the environment and even the universe. Taoism and Buddhism have different tar come out area principles, different views and beliefs near the life after death which is widely known as reincarnation, different routes and solutions to cooperate and solve the problems in life, and different perspectives and practices about marriage.The banter Tao of Taoism in Chinese means the way or the cartroad. In Taoism, its accusing is to achieve Tao which means to attain the dep deceaseable rails in life and by doing so we get out be able to become ever-living. to a fault that, Tao is sometimes to a fault considered as the origin of everything which already existed and guiding the altogether knowledge domain and everything to work on their roles before the universe was being organise (Wow Essays, 2004). In Taoism, it is more than focusing on soulal or psyche philosophy, be apparent motion it is more focusing on how to achieve Tao, conformity and balancing of one- egotism and it do non motivate people to find ways and solutions to help and change the community or society as in every man-to-man should do it by her self or himself (EduBook, 2008). It is also said that everything in the world is simple, correct and wide-cut, life becomes complex is because human being choose to eff a complex life (Wow Essays, 2004).On the new(prenominal) hand, in Buddhism beliefs kick the bucket is suffering which is different by comparing with Taoism that believes that life is all about goodness, Buddhist believes that having illness or suffering is the nature of life which we targetnot lack from (Difference Between, 2010). Birth, get old, get sick or ill, and death are the nature cycle of life. gibe to Buddhism, the only way to put suffering in life to an end is to understand the four noble truths of life and practice the noble eightfold path which are the right knowledge or understanding, right intention, right speech, right demeanor or action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration (Buddhist Temples). The jump noble eightfold path is right knowledge that refers to the correct understanding of what is li fe about or the understanding about the four noble truths of life (Wow Essays, 2004). The second path is right intention means the right pull up stakess aspect which is to abstain from lusts, to amass immunity of negative emotions such as hate and anger, and to be immaculate which is not to be violent or aggressive (Knierim T., 2010). The third path is right speech which brings the importation of not to talk uncool or harmful words and to be aware of what we are locution by choosing the right words and right tone. The forth path is right behavior or right actions which is to act in a correct way and the reasons of action or behavior, and this consists of the five main rules of Buddhism which are not to kill, pilfer, sop up alcoholic drinks, commit in sex crimes, and also to be in force(p) (Wow Essays, 2004). The fifth path is right livelihood which is to gain or derive money and wealth in the legal and moral way (Knierim T., 2010). The sixth path is right effort involves pr acticing the right will and control self-seeking devotion and thirst (Wow Essays, 2004). The seventh path is right mindfulness which is to be aware and have the ability of see things without affected by the other people or environment. The eighth path is right concentration refers to the psychical force of focusing on the ultimate goal of Buddhism, and this involves practicing the meditation which is to fresh your mind and develop the right concentration (Knierim T., 2010).Both Taoism and Buddhism believe in the life after death which is known as reincarnation (Wow Essays, 2004). They believe that life cycle does not have a beginning or an ending which simply means that life, death and metempsychosis are sensed as a continuous cycle they think that death is not the end of the life (Valea E., n.d.). But both of them have different explanations and perspectives on reincarnation. According to Taoism, soul or spirit never die, it will be shift to the other carcass which is to rebo rn to be other person and this will be repeated until it attain the Tao. It is said that everyone has a inside(a) light of oneself which rotter feed us back to clean and solve mind and pull away from distractions and lusts, Tao can only be obtained by following this inner light of oneself (Wow Essays, 2004). Taoism also believes that soul has the ability to sound through space and time and becomes immortal when Tao is achieved (Difference Between, 2010).Whereas in Buddhism beliefs, samsara, the wheel of renascence and the sufferings of life will only come to an end when ones achieve promised land which is the highest or final state of the life cycle and become immortal (Religion Facts, 2010). The other belief of reincarnation in Buddhism that is different from the belief in Taoism is that Taoism believes that reborn is a transformation of soul from one human dead body to another, but harmonize to the Buddhism belief, the cycle of birth, death and rebirth consist of good and evil behavior which divides the transmigration into three different demonstrates and this lead to the transformation of souls into different forms respectively. The ones who act whole different way from the rules and practices of Buddhism will be organize to the hell and this is the first stage of the transmigration. In the second stage, those who did something which is considered quite bad or evil will be transmigrating into animal forms, yet liquor will become more alike to human or rebirth as a human again after turns of transmigration. The following stage which is the third stage, involves the spirit becomes chaste by putting down self egos and lusts which is change from aesthesis to non-aesthesis, and it also consist of going through many phases of apparitional transformation and rebirth finally reach the Nirvana which is the ultimate goal of Buddhism. The stages of reincarnation is determined by ones action, it is said that the past action get back the current life, and present action decides the coming(prenominal) life, because Buddhist believes that ones behavior is according to the mind and thoughts but not fate, therefore one shall deserve what it takes from the resolving of what he or she did (Wow Essays, 2004).Besides than the perspectives and beliefs, the difference between Buddhism and Taoism is the ways of treatment and solving the problems in life such as health problems. According to Taoism, everything in this world has its own natural order, and the way to handle problems first is to understand the nature the Yin-yang opinion is the core concept of this particular principle. Yin-yang concept state that reality are binary which consist of the combination of two opposite elements to form the entirety by balancing these two totally opposite elements. In addition, by conquering the defectiveness of soul by attaining the balance of oneself, then lead to conducting the mental or cosmic competency that is known as Chi in one selfs body is believed that can help to heal illness or sickness of body (EduBook, 2008). The origin of the Tai Chi exercise is based on the Yin-yang concept which can help to circulate and balance the Chi in the body and bind body health because Taoist believe that illness are cause by the imbalance or jamming of Chi in the circulation of body (Robinson B.A., 2010) Meanwhile, in Buddhisms beliefs, problems in life like illness and sickness are a part of life hence they should be accepted as the nature of life. Buddhism requires the finding of problems source meditation is the practice of Buddhist that convey people to find focus, peace and calm in one self, and the presence of focus, peace and calm will help to identify the origin of problems and pleader to take good actions to overcome the problems (Knierim T., 2010). At the same time, unlike Taoists heal illness by balancing the opposite elements and conducting the Chi, Buddhists seek for medications (EduBook, 2008). However, because Bu ddhists believe in the nature of life, so herbal medications which are extracted and purified from the plants is the only medication that is employ by Buddhists.Buddhism and Taoism are also different in how they look at relationships and marriage. According to Buddhism beliefs, marriage is not a necessary event ones life, so there is no special type of ceremony or practices for acquiring married. Besides that, sexual activity is only accepted socially and ethically when it takes place in marriage, and it is not accepted when there is not indoors a marriage relationship. Buddhism beliefs that in a marriage, both husband and married woman will need to possess four historic qualities to become a well-matched and maintain a good marriage, the four qualities are faith, virtue, generosity and wisdom. doctrine requires the understanding between the husband and wife, it is through understanding each another helps to build up trust, honor and faith, and faith is the main key which will l ead to the development of virtue, generosity and wisdom. According to Buddhism beliefs, satisfactions of the five senses and reproduction are the two main purposes of marriage because it is said that not a angiotensin-converting enzyme figure, sound, smell, savor and touch can attract a man more than a woman and this same goes to a woman. Besides that, reproduction is measurable to the society because of the obligations of the family which means children will be the one who are creditworthy to take care and support the parents and protect and continue the unique impost of the family (Gamage C., 1998).On the other hand, Taoism believes that woman represents Yin and man represents Yang, and the Tao means the path to harmony will be achieved when a woman and a man get into a relationship and commit together as one, the Yin chi will be accepted by the man and Yang chi will be received by the woman, then both Yin and Yang will combined into one and balanced. Some people relate the wor d Tao with marriage by saying that marriage is the Tao to future means the way or path towards the future because the life after marriage is like a new life and through marriage babies are born babies are the hope and launching for the future. At the same time, since Taoism emphasize on balancing and harmony of nature, it also laid stress on the harmony of the relationships between people peculiarly for husband and wife. Thus, husband and wife should avoid confrontations and serious conflicts. Prevention of confrontations or even conflicts can be made by calm, love, caring, respect, acceptance, humility, communication, emotional control, self-awareness, self reflections, sacrifice, and support and understanding of each another.On the whole, both Taoism and Buddhism are religions that guide people how to live a good life and teach the important values of life. These two religions have some similarities and sometimes these similarities may even cause people to mistaken that both of them are the same religion or some may mistaken the beliefs and practices of Buddhism and the beliefs and practices of Taoism. There are similar beliefs between these two religions such as both of them believe in the life after death and life cycle never end and also both have similar ultimate goal, but their objective principles, their understanding, beliefs and interlingual rendition about the life after death, their perspectives and methods to deal with the problems especially health problems in life, and their point of view and practices in relationships and marriage are very different. Both have their unique and different way of thinking and interpretation of life.References ListBuddhism Temples (n.d.). Buddhist Belief. The nobleman Eightfold Path. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http//www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhism-facts/buddhist-belief.htmlDifference Between (2010). Difference Between Taoism and Buddhism. Taoism vs Buddhism. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http//ww w.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/ difference-betweentaoism-and-buddhism/EduBook (2008). Buddhism vs. Taoism. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http//www.edubook.com/buddhism-vs-taoism/22661/Gamage, C. (1998). Buddhism Sensuality. Colombo Karunaratne Sons Ltd.Knierim, T. (2010). The Noble Eightfold Path. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http//www.thebigview.com/buddhism/eightfoldpath.htmlReligionFacts (2010). Buddhist Beliefs about the Afterlife. Nirvana. Retrieved on October 25, 2010 from http//www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/beliefs/afterlife.htmRobinson, B.A. (2010). Taoism (a.k.a. Daoism). Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http//www.religioustolerance.org/taoism2.htmValea, E. (n.d.). Reincarnation. Its meaning and consequences. Retrieved on October 26, 2010 from http//www.comparativereligion.com/reincarnation.htmlWow Essays (2010). Buddhism and Taoism. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from http//www.wowessays.com/dbase/af1/nyv94.shtml

Zigbee: Overview and Analysis

Zigbee Overview and AnalysisZigbee is a Ad-hoc networking technology for LR-W go, solutiond on IEEE 802.15.4 standard that defines the PHY and Mac Layers for Zigbee. mean for 2.45 Ghz , 868 megahertz and 915 MHz Band. Low in bell, complexity power habit as compargond to competing technologies. Int blocked to network garishDevices. Data rates touch 250Kbps for 2.45Ghz ,40 Kbps 915Mhz and 20Kbps for 868Mhz band.Origin Of evoke ZigBeeThe domestic honeybee, a colonial insect, lives in a hive that contains a queen, a few male drones, and thousands of worker bees. The survival, success, and future of the village is mutually beneficial upon continuous communication of vital information mingled with every instalment of the colony. The technique that honey bees procedure to communicate new-found food sources to other(a)(a)wise members of the colony is referred to as the ZigBee Principle. Using this silent, but powerful communication governing body, whereby the bee dances in a zig-zag pattern, she is fitting to sh be information such as the location, distance, and direction of a newly dis even offed food source to her fel humbled colony members. instinctively implementing the ZigBee Principle, bees around the world industriously sustain productive hives and hold dear future generations of colony members.Zigbee ArchitectureThere be three orbits of architectural responsibility in Zigbee engineering effort. They atomic number 18 The physical and MAC layers leave full advantage of the physical radio specified by IEEE 802.15.4. The 802.15.4 stipulation describes a peer-to-peer radio using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. The limitedation overly calls out the info rates, channelization, and modulation techniques to be employed.The Zigbee conglutination specifies the ratiocinative network, warrantor, and lotion softwargon, which argon implemented in a firmw be lot. It is the Zigbee kettle of fish that creates the shut up networking capability. Ea ch microcontroller/RF chip combination requires its deliver Zigbee stack due to the differences in microcontrollers and RF chips. Typically, the Zigbee stack is included with either the microcontroller or RF chip. The stack may belong to the chip vendor, be housed by the chip vendor from a third party source, or be reard by a third partysource for a specific microcontroller/RF chip combination. The application layer is delimitate by profiles, of which in that location are two types customaryprofiles are those certified by the Zigbee Alliance for interoperability purposes,and private profiles are for use in closed systems.A word of honor almost the Zigbee Alliance The fol mooing discussion includes options that require regain to keen property available only to members of the Zigbee Alliance. There are three types of social rank all companies that plan to rel easement products incorporating Zigbee technology must go bad at least adopting members, an entry- direct members hip that provides such benefits as gravel to specifications and developer conferences/workshops.ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 General Char causeeristics duple PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)Data rates of 250 kbps (2.4 GHz), 40 kbps ( 915 MHz), and 20 kbps (868 MHz)Optimized for low duty- stave applications (CSMA-CA channel access Yields spirited through with(predicate)put and low latency for low duty cycle inventions want sensors and controlsLow power ( outpouring life multi-month to years)Multiple topologies star, peer-to-peer, meshAddressing space of up to 18,450,000,000,000,000,000 devices (64 bit IEEEaddress)- 65,535 networksOptional guaranteed time slot for applications requiring low latency in full hand-shaked protocol for transfer reliabilityRange 50m typical (5-500m based on environment)Use Case ScenarioIt is 400 a.m. on a farm in Iowa. Sensors distributed throughout the fields report the moisture content in the blot and humidity of the air. The staff on the farm uses this entr opy to decide where and when to piss for optimum effect. The information similarly serves as an early warning system for environmental issues such as frost. Precious resources are used much than efficiently and productivity increases. The sensors distributed in the field are interconnected in a mesh network. If a sensor inspissation goes d take, the network is self-healing the nodes are able to connect with one a nonher dynamically, finding some other path to stay connected indoors the network.Network TopologiesIt assert three types of topologies. They are1) Star network topology2) catch topology3) Cluster tree topologyStar TopologyIn the star topology, the communication is established surrounded by devices and a single central controller, called the PAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator may be mains powered while the devices give most likely be battery powered. Applications that benefit from this topology include home automation, personal computer (PC) peripherals, to ys and games. subsequently an FFD is activated for the firstly time, it may establish its own network and become the PAN coordinator. Each start network chooses a PAN identifier, which is not currently used by each other network within the radio sphere of influence. This permits each star network to operate independently.Mesh NetworkA see component of the ZigBee protocol is the ability to support mesh networks. In a mesh network, nodes are interconnected with other nodes so that at least two pathways connect each node. Connections between nodes are dynamically updated.In some cases, a partial mesh network is established with some of the nodes only connected to one other node.Mesh networks are decentralized in nature each node is self-routing and able to connect to other nodes as needed. The characteristics of mesh topology and ad-hoc routing provide greater stability in changing conditions or failure at single nodesCluster-tree TopologyCluster-tree network is a special case of a peer-to-peer network in which most devices are FFDs and an RFD may connect to a cluster-tree network as a leave node at the end of a branch. Any of the FFD disregard act as a coordinator and provide synchronization function to other devices and coordinators. Only one of these coordinators however is the PAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator forms the first cluster by establishing itself as the cluster soul CLH) with a cluster identifier (CID) of zero, choosing an unused PAN identifier, and broadcasting beacon frames to d thoroughly devices. A brush offdidate device receiving a beacon frame may request to join the network at the CLH. If the PAN coordinator permits the device to join, it will add this new device as a child device in its neighbor list. The advantage of this clustered structure is the increased coverage area at the cost of increased message latency.SUCCESS FACTORSZigbee is a low cost wireless technology, data type support, ease of installation, accepted data tr ansfer, short range operation and is has reasonable battery life. Zigbee operates on unlicensed band and in unrestricted geographical use spheric implementation.IEEE 802.15.4 protocol featuresMaster/slave topologyAutomatic network patternDynamic slave device addressingVirtual peer-to-peer links (pairing)Full handshaking for packet transfersPower management featuresUp to 254 (+ master) network nodesCSMA-CA channel access mechanism15ms frame structureTDMA slots kindle be allocated28kbps 250kbps data throughput attend to discoveryLow impact internet capabilityZigBee ApplicationsZigbee networks handle four-fold traffic types with their own unique characteristics, including periodic data, intermittent data, and repetitive low latency data. The characteristics of each are as follows Periodic data application defined rate (e.g. wireless sensor or meter). Data is typicallyhandled using a beaconing system whereby the sensor wakes up at a set time and checks for thebeacon from the PAN coordinator, it then requests to joint the network. If the coordinator acceptsit, data is passed by the sensor before it goes to sleep again. This capability provides for very lowduty cycles. Intermittent data either application or immaterial stimulus defined rate (e.g. radio lightswitch). Data can be handled in a beaconless system or abrupt. In disconnected operation,the device will only attach to the network when communications is requisite thus savingconsiderable energy. Repetitive low latency data Allocations of time slots. (e.g. medical alerts and security systems). These applications may use the guaranteed time slot (GTS) capability when timeliness and critical data passage is required. GTS is a method acting of QoS that allows each device a specific duration of time as defined by the PAN coordinator in the Superframe to do whatever it requires without contestation or latency. ZigBee networks are primarily intended for low duty cycle sensor networks (procedures occur muc h faster than with a Bluetooth technology. Some examples where short-range, low-data, nickel-and-dime(prenominal) wireless networks can be used areAutomatic quantify Reading provides the usage statistics for Power Management and Energy Conservation whether it is electric, internal gas, water or other utilities.Controlling the environment in HVAC systems. Lighting, temperature and other building controls help save utility usage and maintenance costs. Wireless monitoring and control systems remove expensive installation costs where wire is difficult, extensive or part of a retrofit design.ZigBee network can help in collecting the information necessary for an effective origin and Logistics Management. In fleet management, vehicles can automatically transmit logged information or mystify updates when inside the fleet yard. Various control and automation scenarios are possible both for homes and industriesusing cheap wireless communication including security systems and access contr ol.ZigBee enables broad-based deployment of wireless networks with low-cost, low-power solutions. It provides the ability to run for years on twopenny batteries for a host of monitoring applications Lighting controls, AMR (Automatic Meter Reading), smoke and CO detectors, wireless telemetry, HVAC control, heating control, home security, Environmental controls, drapery and shade controls, etceteraOUR IMPLEMENTATION-WIRELESS KEYBOARDBlock DiagramOur implementation is divided into two components transmitter and Receiver.Transmitter sectionTransmitter Section consists of following1. Keyboard as arousal device2. PS2 connector3. Uniboard4. XbeeKeyboard is connected to Uniboard through PS2 Connector.When a key is touch the data is communicable to UART0 at every falling edge of the measure pulse.PS2 Connectors data line is given to a port pin of ATMEGA128 and clock pin tothe externel INT pin.Uniboard has the ATMega 128 MCU. It has two UARTs UART0,1. UART1 is directlyconnected to ser ial port via IC MAX232.Xbee is connected to the UART0 interface. MCU transmits data to UART0 andhence forwarded to Xbee.Receiver sectionReceiver section comprises of following1. Zigbee2. Uniboard3. PC (gtkterm) as o/p device.Zigbee receives the data contagious from zigbee on transmitter side using wireless communication and rate it to UART0.Uniboard provides same functionality as Tx. When a frame is received at UART0, it is tasteful to extract the required data from the whole frame and decode data to its equivalent ASCII char .The character could be then either transmitted to UART1 via MAX232 and simultaneously display it to gtkterm or could be processed as user wants it to be.ConclusionThe ZigBee Standard enables the broad-based deployment of reliable wireless networks with low complexity, low cost solutions and provides the ability for a product to run for years on inexpensive primary batteries (for a typical monitoring application). It is excessively, of course, capable of i nexpensively livelihood robust mesh networking technologies ZigBee is all set to provide the consumers with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every twenty-four hour period devices. The mission of the ZigBee Working Group is to bring about the existence of a broad range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry specifications for unlicensed, unbound peripheral, control and entertainment devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest power consumption communications between compliant devices anywhere in and around the home.Issues in Contemporary treat Values and EthicsIssues in Contemporary treat Values and EthicsPaul Monahanbreast feeding is a sustenanceer that has spanned centuries with umpteen of its foundations following rise of Christianity. Since then, there know been numerous unlike views and opinions of what nursing is and what it should and should not be by many different t heorists and organisations. In this essay, I will explore this in a number of different ways, the first of which will be by discussing the definitions and eye values of nursing, where I desire to outline some of the definitions from both theorists, and organisations such as the Nursing tocology Council (NMC) who outline the duties and responsibilities of registered nurses to ensure the gumshoe of unhurried intents in their direction. I will also address my own views of nursing as they stand now and through the course of this essay, hope to demonstrate how they befuddle changed based on what I acquit shooted through research and practice experience. Needless to say, the media has a significant role to play in the reality learning of the nursing profession and I hope to contrast the opinions expressed against my own views. Secondly, I also wish to discuss the NMCs role in ensuring that nurses act professionally and goodly by looking at the code and key guidance for safe practice. The third point I will cover will focus on the many opportunities that nurses today can take advantage of, many of which include international travel which may not necessarily been possible when working in an acute hospital unit. at last I will discuss contemporary issue in nursing which I have decided to discuss the Care whole step commission (CQC), and their role it plays in ensuring that there is a game standard of vexation for all patient role roles in all areas of wellness deal. My goal for this essay is to expand on what I already know about nursing and learn more about the profession through experience and research.There have been many different theories surrounding the profession of nursing, as a result of these theories there have been many different definitions formed by theorists and organisations alike. The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) has developed a definition which is built as a core with six defining characteristics. They defined nursing as The use o f clinical judgement in the provision of awe to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover wellness, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible smell of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. (RCN, Defining Nursing 2003). The characteristics which follow this relation suggest that nurses should have a purpose, mode of intervention, a domain of practice, a focus towards the patient as a person, a value base which look ons the dignity, autonomy and individuality of all persons, whether they are patients, relatives or colleagues and in conclusion a commitment to working alongside others, rather than as an individual. In reality, everybody has their own view of what nursing is and I feel that I am no exception. Before I started stu destruction nursing, my previous experiences were shaped by the views of those around me, many of whom believed that being intelligent wasnt necessarily burning(prenominal) as being caring. I then started workin g as a health negociate assistant and found that there was so much more to nursing than just caring for patients, a nurse needed to have a vast amount of medical knowledge as well as being able to communicate well with other health professionals. However the media has had a significant role to play in moldable the public perception of nursing in todays society. yellow journalism newspapers in particular have done their part to change the public perception of nursing, often by focusing on isolated incidents of ugly practice and through glamorising or sensationalising the facts with the journalists or editors own opinions in order to increase its commercial value whilst simultaneously letting down its factual merit in order to attempt to damage the reputation of the nursing profession and through that the reputations of many hard-working individuals that take pride in their work. In 2012, the National wellness Service England (NHS England) published an informational leaflet auth orize Our Culture of Compassionate Care. It outlined the 6 Cs. These 6 Cs are Care Which defines the work of health disturbance services as patients sojourn graduate(prenominal) levels of care through every exemplify of their life Compassion this is by far one of the most of the essence(p) aspects of patient care. Treating patients with respect and dignity is an important part of their healthcare as they need to feel valued in order to recover right away Competence This aspect means that everybody involved with a patients care should have the abilities in order to do their role and to care for the patient with their safety and health in mind Communication Communication is central to the healing(predicate) relationship between carer and patient, there has a been a number of different definitions of patient-centred communication. A definition that I found to be most capable for patient-centred communication is one used by Langwitz et al., in 1998. Patient-centred communication is defined as communication that invites and encourages the patient to participate and negotiate in decision-making regarding their own care (Langwitz et al., 1998, p.230) Courage All healthcare professionals have to be able to do what is right for the patients that they care for, and to speak up when they have concerns about colleagues practice or competence Commitment A commitment to patients is the foundation garment of the NHS, in order to improve the tincture of care, all healthcare workers should be committed to providing the best care that they are able to provide to their patients. primary(prenominal) Point 2 Professional Ethical NursingEthics is a topic that carries a vast amount of study and debate. It can also become a framework within which we live our day to day lives. There has also been a lot of study in the area of professional ethics for nurses with many organisations and regulators such as the NMC publishing ethical standards for all nurses to follow. These et hical standards influence areas such as training and reading for nurses and student nurses, best practice for patient care and ensuring that patients receive high persona care from all service providers.The NMC is the regulator for nurses and midwives in England, Wales, blue Ireland and Scotland. Their role is to protect the wellbeing and health of the public, set the standards or training, education, training, exact and cognitive operation so that nurses and midwives can deliver a high level of care throughout their careers. They also have processes in place to study cases of misconduct against nurses and midwives who fall short of their standards (Nursing Midwifery Council 2011). The code has 17 categories set off across 4 chapters. These focus on areas such as maintaining patient trust, person focused care, promoting good health, providing a high standard of care and to be open and honest as to uphold the reputation of your profession. In order to be ethical and professio nal at all times, nurses learn and follow the code in all areas of practice.Safeguarding vulnerable people is another issue that nurses face in regards to acting professionally, the department of health defines a vulnerable adult as a person Who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or distemper and who is or may be unable to take care of him or herself, or unable to protect him or herself against significant harm or exploitation (No Secrets Guidance on Developing and implementing multi-agency policies and procedures to protect vulnerable adults from jest at. 2000). It is important that nurses are providely adept to spot signs of roast and that they are aware(predicate) of the procedures set out by their trust for reporting concerns about patient safety in an attach manner. The Safeguarding Adults Boards of Brighton and Hove, East Sussex and West Sussex outlined a policy in June 2007 which was updated in 2013 for anybody working in a health or social care setting. It lays out the seven different categories of abuse and the signs of each, as well as stressing that a person may not experience only one type of abuse and that there can be cross overs between the categories based on an individual incident. It also outlines what staff can do if they receive a disclosure of abuse from a service user. main Point 3 Values PersonhoodMain Point 4 Contemporary Issues in NursingThe Care tone Commission make sure that all hospitals, care homes, dental and public practices and other care services in England provide the people who use them with safe, effective and high-quality care and encourage these services to make improvements in care (Care Quality Commission, 2014). They do this by setting standards that all people have a right to expect when they are in receipt of care they also inspect and regulate care services and register care services that are able to ache these standards whilst outlining improveme nts that need to be make in cases of an institution not meeting quality and safety standards they are able to investigate claims made against care services made by care users or members of the public and take appropriate action if these claims are based on truth they also assess and rate the quality of care services which gives members of the public a choice in choosing high quality care based on their needs. The also publish a report to Parliament on an annual basis outlining how resources in the healthcare sector are being used in order to allow Parliament to make decisions of future expenditure in healthcare.There are five national standards that all care services must meet in order to be registered with the CQC. These standards are vital to the provision of high quality care so they are central areas that are cover when the CQC performs an inspection. These standards are as follows You should expect to be respected, involved in your care and support, and told whats happening at every stage. This means that a patient should always be kept informed of any changes in their care plan and that the opinions and views of the patient should be considered and respected when making medical decisions You should expect care, treatment and support that meets your needs. This means that care workers should fill out appropriate risk assessments and ensure that patients dietary preferences are clearly noted in order to create a care plan that is appropriate for the patient You should expect to be safe. This means that all staff must respect their patients beliefs and rights, it also means that the patient should be cared for in areas that are jazzy and that they will receive their prescribed medication when they need it, staff should also make sure equipment used on patients, such as hoists, are well maintained and safe for use on patients You should expect to be cared for by staff with the right skills to do their jobs properly which means that any care staff that a pat ient requires are sufficiently trained in their role and that students under their instruction are sufficiently manage during patient contact. And you should expect your care provider to routinely check the quality of their services this ensures that patient care is of high quality and that all other standards are maintained by a care service. The CQC also performs unheralded inspections of care services in order to ensure that patients are receiving the highest level of care at all times.By registering these services, the CQC assures the public that they will receive the best possible care they also provide copies of their inspection reports online for members of the public to read in order to inform them of the quality of care provided by a service that they may be going to use.ConclusionIn conclusion, I have learnt about some of the definitions and core values of the nursing profession, I have also looked at the Nursing and Midwifery Council and their role in ensuring that all nurses work professionally and within their scope of practice. I have also explored my own views of nursing and how these views contrast to the public perception of nursing that is displayed in the media. I looked at the NMCs code for nurses and midwives and the wideness of recognising safeguarding concerns and how policy and legislation can guide nurses to report safeguarding concerns in an appropriate manner.References / BibliographyClark, J., Denton, S., Burns, J., Rawstorne, D., Warrington, E., Kitson, A., Beacock, C., Kenison, L., Scott, C., Belgrave, J. and Salmon, A. (2003).Defining Nursing. 1st ed. ebook London Royal College of Nursing. Available at http//www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/78569/001998.pdf Accessed 25 Apr. 2014.Cqc.org.uk, (2014).Care Quality Commission Homepage. online Available at http//www.cqc.org.uk/ Accessed 26 Apr. 2014.Langwitz, W., Eich, P., Kiss, A. and Wossmer, B. (1998). Improving Communication Skills-A randomize Controlled Behaviorally Oriented Intervention Study for Residents in Internal Medicine.Psychosomatic Medicine daybook of Biobehavioral Medicine, online 60(3), pp.268-276. Available at http//journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Fulltext/1998/05000/Improving_Communication_Skills_A_Randomized.9.aspx Accessed 25 Apr. 2014.McCabe, C., Timmins, F. and Campling, J. (2006).Communication skills for nursing practice. 1st ed. Basingstoke England Palgrave Macmillan.National Health Service England, (2012).Our Culture of Compassionate Care. NHS England.No Secrets Guidance on underdeveloped and implementing multi-agency policies and procedures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse. (2000). 1st ed. ebook London Department of Health, pp.9-10. Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/194272/No_secrets__guidance_on_developing_and_implementing_multi-agency_policies_and_procedures_to_protect_vulnerable_adults_from_abuse.pdf Accessed 26 Apr. 2014.Sussex Multi-Agency Policy and Procedures for Safeguarding Adults at Risk. (2007). second ed. ebook Brighton Hove Safeguarding Adults Board, East Sussex Safeguarding Adults at Risk, West Sussex Adults Safeguarding Board. Available at http//pansussexadultssafeguarding.proceduresonline.com/pdf/pdf_ imitation/Full copy Sussex Multi Agency Policy and Procedures.pdf Accessed 26 Apr. 2014.The NMC Code of Professional Conduct Standards for conduct, performance and ethics. (2004). 2nd ed. London Nursing Midwifery Council.Torjesen, I. (2008). Acting for Vulnerable Adults.The Nursing Tumes. online Available at http//www.nursingtimes.net/acting-for-vulnerable-adults/1732771.article Accessed 26 Apr. 2014.Wheldon, J. (2005). Nurses too busy to care for dying patients.Daily Mail. online Available at http//www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-356403/Nurses-busy-care-dying-patients.html Accessed 25 Apr. 2014.Bibliography1

The Operational Strategy for Gap Inc

The Operational St outrankgy for faulting IncIt is clear in the market that as an organization jailbreak is struggling. Profitability, ever-changing guest compulsions and tastes and plusd global emulation has affected our exertion. The breach North America division for instance, has non posted an annual increase in sales at stores open at least a year since 2004. In 2009, sales were $3.82 billion, charge almost one-third from where they were in 2004, Clifford (2011). At least four budges at CEO level tole stride occurred, and as the new CEO, the pack to delimit and implement an potent in operation(p) system is of paramount magnificence.The objective of this presentation is to obtain board benediction on the proposed Operational outline for Gap and any possible qualifys to the recommendations and conclusions skeletal by the executive team.The methodology adopted involved re minting the entire business organization operations of Gap and that of its leading comp etitors ( oddly Zara). This involved employ secondary entropy from the case study, internet searches on trends and developments in the global fashion persistence and that of the company.In the development of this characterable system it was valuable to contrast that, the operational out linage is sub servant to the broad merged schema and using the Porters (1985) value stove analysis. This according to Heizer and f every last(predicate) in (2011) uses de limitine activities that represent strengths or potential strengths and maybe opportunities for developing competitive improvement. It moldiness be famed early, notwithstanding, that an alternative perspective exist that the use of resource view approach. apply the resource view approach path that Gaps legalness is predicated by find out the optimum fit for the firms resources in the can-do environment as say by Heizer and Render (2011). A hybrid response and differentiation schema shall be adopted as appose d to the traditional cost leadership schema at bottom Gap. Our emphasis and competitive advantage as an physical composition has thitherof shifted from just live cheaper to becoming better and faster. This means that we be positioning to reassigns in customer packs, increasing global battle and a dynamic business environment. (A justification for this dodging is provided for in annexure 1 of this report).The CSFs unavoidable to command the victor of the operational strategy included, effective communication, interior(a) market, transport wariness and opus communication was found to be the most Cost of implementing interpolates to visit that palmy execution of the operational strategy was determined as..The recommendations commit forward to the board included the need to adopt the operational strategy in line with understanding that radical change is a prerequisite. unfavorable Success Factors to include, internal trade of the operational strategy, create a carrying into action culture, ensuring effective communication and regorgeting in place a reward-systems that are linked to surgical process are a must.Table of Contents knave1.0 Design of goods2.0 effect and Capacity Design3.0 Location extract4.0 Layout aspiration5.0 Supply strand Management6.0 Inventory Management7.0 Scheduling8.0 polish and RecommendationsList of ReferencesAnnexures1.0 Design of goods2.0 Process and Capacity Design3.0 Location Selection4.0 Layout flesh5.0 Supply Chain ManagementHanna and Newman (2002) restrain SCM as the configurations, coordination and improvements of a sequentially re freshd set of operations. It is the output from operations referred to by Hanna and Newman (2002) that customers get, and therefore, the strategical emphasis of well-managed yield set up is to befool a competitive advantage driven primarily by strong customer localise. Heizer and Render (2011) define SCM as the pointsing of activities that procure materials and services, transform them into intermediate goods and final products and make unnecessary them done a distribution system. The authors believe that in todays business competition is not between companies but rather issue chains. This means that if internal operations at Gap can be improved to devolve that of competition it will give our organisation a competitive advantage.This incision of the report will boil down on how Gap can change its relationship with suppliers and distributors and most importantly an evaluation of managing our purchasing and outsourcing activities in line with increased competitive activity. In analyseing the to a gamyer place the objective it to build a chain of suppliers that focuses on maximising value to the ultimate customer Heizer and Render (2011). The study challenge within Gap has been our inability to surmount and determine what is to be made and what is to be purchased in effect. As we maximise value along the chain we will be able to e nsure that we improve on quality, deli truly and innovation.Our global presences demands that the review of the supply chain be linked closely to the overall strategy of the business. In other words this means that the operational strategy must link back to the broad corporal strategy for GAP. call sights of this the broad corporate strategy and operational strategy is driven primarily be the need to increase competitiveness through and through product customisation, high quality, cost reductions and speed to market with the added emphasis world on the supply chain Heizer and Render (2011). Refer to the corporate strategy in . It is proposed that a new integrated supply chain be adopted with Gap. This means that, having fewer suppliers and building on a centralized manu facturing. The advantages will be cutting d witness on unnecessary cost by suppliers while building on a pool of highly effective supplier base that is aligned to the firms overall vision and direction. Zara con tinues to use vertical integration as a method to build on expanding its supply chain. The Japanese, method of Keirestu would work well as we combine both(prenominal) few suppliers and vertical integration.Whilst our traditional many-supplier strategy worked in the past suppliers were accountable for maintaining the technologies and expertise, costs and quality controls the surge in competitive activity especially form Zara has shown that centralised and or few supplier strategy industrial plant better. The need to focus on controlling supply and building on technological advantages is an imperative to the success in the industry. It will be necessary as few suppliers will help on improve parentage management as we move closer to the implementation of a JIT system. These few suppliers will be asked to participate in the design of goods by component in the partnering in research and development initiatives to include, provide design innovations, introduce on changing customers tastes and needs and technological expertises.Review of existing Suppliers our focus is to cut down on scatter and huge number of suppliers and thence focus on building dependable close yet actually few suppliers with long-term strategic relationships Heizer and Render (2011) Because of the shift in focus of our broad strategy (differentiation) it means that the endurance of our suppliers inevitably has to change. This change however is radical demanding that our lower end suppliers that are not cost effective and do not meet the changing requirements set by the organisation must be immediately cut out.Whilst the medium to long-term flavor of our strategy demands that we build a centralised manufacturing. This means that, existing risk associated with the environment (customs duties, tariffs, security screening, natural disasters, currency fluctuations, terrorists attacks and political issues), controls (management metrics and trusty secure communication for financial transact ions product designs, and logistics scheduling) and wreak performance (raw material and component availability, quality and logistics) need to be considered, Heizer and Render (2011). ongoing reviews of competitors centralised manufacturing performance will continue in line with building on the supra necessary changes to ensure that risks identified can be mitigated.Heizer and Render (2011) proposes that while changes in the supply chain management happens other than in different organisation its success will depend on the building mutual agreement of goals, trust and compatible organisational culture. These are discussed in the conclusion section of the report.Fisher (1997) offers insight on how supply chain decisions affect strategy. Because Gap desires to use a hybrid strategy unhomogeneous aspects of Fishers input are slender to the success of the organisation. Our Supplier goals will match to those of Benetton and that is to share market research jointly and develop product s and options. Our Primary plectron criteria however will select primarily for capacity, speed and flexibility. Gap would need to invest aggressively to reduce production lead conviction while use product design that lead to low setup time and rapid production ramp-up.6.0 Inventory ManagementEffective supply chain management that is aligned to both a well-structured operational and corporate strategy has ensured that Zara remains highly profitable. It has also meant that it (Zara) can continue to build on its in-house production and scrutinise management systems. Backed by advanced technologies and line of descent optimisation models Zara has been able to improve on its efficacy. To this end, Zara has a failure rate of 1% compared to the industry of 10%. The experiences that we have faced as an organisation in managing neckcloth has greatly performance because our 10% error rate in our clothing collection is very high and makes us very uncompetitive.In-part our many-supplier st rategy is to be the cause of theses failures while in turn the fact that suppliers are many, makes the handling and processing of inventory very difficult from incoming logistics of raw material inventory to delivery of finished goods inventory. Two categories of inventory posses the biggest threat to our organisation and are a major(ip) concern. These are the management of raw material inventory and finished goods inventory. It is key to note that in line with changes in supply change, a review of our customer joy (refer to Goods and service design ) suppliers, production schedules and human resource planning are key in achieving success in inventory management as tell by Heizer and Render (2011).Poor record keeping of inventory has also been a major chore this has been caused by the huge ad hominem line of credit of unsold items returned from own store retail chains in substitution of in-season furrows. While the existing many-supplier strategy has also increased old-hat and storage warehouse as lead times for stocks continue to negatively affect stock cumbering levels and record keeping. This also in turn increases holding stock costs and insurance charges while our competitors especially Zara centralised distribution warehouses hold stock for only 72 hours. A very effective and dewy-eyed system to implement in store is a two -bin system. It is the view of the executive that going back to basics in inventory control will play a critical role in ensuring that we take after in tracking and monitoring stock movement for the group. If is difficult to beat about more scientific approaches such as probabilistic models when the major challenge is that we have excess stock of clothing lines that have not been sold. Art Peck the former CE for Gap the Northern American rightfully notes Unless we put cute clothes in front of our customer on the shelfeverything else we do isnt going to matter.7.0 SchedulingContracting manufacturing has created major chal lenges for our organisation in the past, as lead times have been long, late deliveries and pr tear downtion of out-of stock situations become an on going exercise. Lessons from the industry have shown the need to restructure our scheduling in line with proposed changes in supply chain and inventory management. According to Heizer and Render (2011), the scheduling decision addresses the problem of matching productivity to fluctuating demands. It is however important to note that different processes suggest different approaches to scheduling. Based on our selected strategy and the position interpreted by our competitors such as Zara and HM, it is important that we build on process focused facilities in the medium to long term period as we seek to centralise our operations. This means that we generate a forward-looking schedule, where MRP generates due(p) dates that are refined with finite capacity scheduling techniques as noted by Heizer and Render (2011).Automated scheduling systems will be put in place with trained and competent personnel. This is necessary to ensure that complete and relevant production database is maintained throughout the entire organisation. Therefore in the first few months of operationalising the CE and Operations Director will review item master file, routing file, work-centre master file to ensure that scheduling is down to satisfactory standards (something that my predecessors failed to effectively manage). In own store retail structures Gap will employ a strategy current used by Zara to effectively manage stave. This method involves cyclical scheduling as it has been prove to reduce man-hours and increase staff motivation. Software to perform scheduled staff based on stores forecasted sales volumes with location staffing even during peak periods has been identified and been purchased to contact the above requirement of cyclical scheduling at own store retail locations.Feasible and efficient schedules of production must be develop ed, the demands of human resources and facilities must be determined and controlled Heizer and Render (2011).8.0 Conclusion and RecommendationsThe above analysis has clearly shown that change is eminent within the organisation. It is important to note that this change is radical and has to be implemented immediately. The criticality of the operation strategy (like all other major programs such as the balanced slay mailing) demands that executives are tasked with particular proposition duties and responsibility to ensure its success. To this end, executive management must ensure that operational decisions assigned to them be coordinated and communicated effectively among all operational structures and divisions (a schedule for the critical implementation has been shown below). The major concern from a merchandise perspective is our failure to provide customers with products that clearly meet their specific needs and or tastes. The ever-changing business environment and increased c ompetitiveness globally has also worked against the firm. However, from a purely operational perspective this has meant that we need to change our operating model and ensure that it is aligned to the broad corporate strategy. In this regard the most effective strategy will be a hybrid response and differentiation strategy. This strategy will be different to the traditional cost leadership strategy within Gap. Our focus and competitive advantage as an organisation has thus shifted from just become cheaper to becoming better and faster. This means that we are aligning to changes in customer needs, increasing global competitiveness and a dynamic business environment.Key aspects of differentiation that will be incorporated are innovative design and a shopping experience unmatched to competition whilst the response aspect of our strategy will ensure flexible manufacturing reliability in our inventory, supply chain and scheduling structures and quickness in process design (as this will no w be a lean structure).Key Operations ratiocinationMajor activities to be conductedResponsibilityDue DateDesign of GoodsProcess and capacity designLocation SelectionLayout designSupply Chain ManagementInventory ManagementSchedulingThe success of the Operational Strategy will not solely be based on its borrowing and approval by the board but also by the need and realisation that it has to be implemented. However, implementation will also involve change, Burnes (2004), effective communication, Thill and Bovee (2001), internal marketing, Keegan (2001) and redefinition of reward systems and performance culture, Hitt, Black and Porter (2004). These critical success factors will help build on trust, ownership, teamwork and transparency while ensuring the prospered implementation of the Operational Strategy.8.1 Performance cultureReid (2005), sums up a performance culture that Gap must adopt to get to a likely performance mulcting system these areOpenness and trust veracity must be encouraged and managers have to be willing to chat the unspeakable. Trust produces an environment where there is less defensiveness when issues are raised sight react more honestly and ask questions.Managed differences conflicts are addressed and unsuccessful commitments exposed, options and alternatives are looked at without predetermined outcomes.Simplicity and focus there is focus on implementation, with clarity and precision defining what needs to be fulfil and how. There is commitment at every level to remove complexity from the expressive style of doing business.Playing to peoples strengths leaders know their people and match effectively talent and task, as they understand their peoples strengths and how best to elicit them.8.2 Internal marketingInternal marketing must become part of the on-going process within Gap. This will involve functional process alignment, motivation and empowerment of employees at all levels to consistently deliver and satisfy customer experience . Internal marketing must empower employees and give them accountability and responsibility because it helps non-marketing staff to learn and be able to perform their tasks in a marketing-like manner. For the internal marketing to be effective, employees must internalise the core values of the organisation. Sponsors can stain t-shirts, caps and merchandise to give employees to wear every Friday so that they remember the importance of the project.8.3 Reward systemsTo address motivation and morale within Gap there is need to initial review the existing reward and performance allowance scheme. The traditional approach of linking this to bottom line heavily undermines long term sustainability of the organization, as managers and employees race to meet target. Having worked in operations, the risk is made high as we near the festive season sales personnel embellish long shelf life products on customers (on the basis that they will be in critical sententious supply) so as to meet targ ets. This whole shebang well until two months down the line, customers either refuse to replenish orders and or return product because it is nearing expiration. These losses are usually only accounted for way after the productivity bonuses have been paid out and annual accounts drawn. Whilst it is important to inform or remind employees what results are desired and motivate them to achieve and exceed the performance targets, the performance learning system (balance score card will help address ensure this is done with great transparency). To achieve the above, sponsors through the HR department must ensureDrafting excogitate description based on process requirements and characteristicsTranslating process goals and action plans, personal training and development requirements into personal performance whole steps.Defining appropriate performance targets based on known capability and desired characteristics.Formally judge performance against the range of measures developed and comp are with target performance.Rewarding and recognizing high-performance performance.A balance must be struck in selection of reward system mix for both long term and short term success of Gap. Thus, in the short-term, rewards such as bonuses, commissions and piece-rate payments can be used long-term rewards can constitute stock based incentives i.e. stock options, stock appreciation rights and phantom stock plans.8.4 Change ManagementHaving internally marketed the adoption of the Balanced Scorecard as a PMM system, performance measure owners, must manage the change process. The change being implemented in Gap is planned as it is being consciously embarked upon, Burnes (2006).Stages of the planned change will entail exploration, planning, action and integration. During each exhibit identified above it will be necessary for performance measure owners to involve employees for the change process to be successful. The change process reinforces behaviors that are aligned to Gaps objectiv es through feedback and full utilization of the reward system being created.However, in the implementation of the balance scorecard and in effecting change as a critical success factor to the entire project barriers might impede the successful execution of the project. According to Burnes (2006) the barriers to effective change programs are competing resources, functional boundaries, change management skills, communication, Them and us- the opposition element, people needs and training, unrealistic timetables, resistance to change and initiative fatigueThese factors can occur at any stage and can affect employees both the general labour force and even managers and the executive. To overcoming these barriers, Burnes (2006) proposes communication, ability to establish high trust relationships, negotiation, Influencing and build on self-importance confidence.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain and the Green Knig

Sir Gawain and the Green horseSir Gawain proves to be a hero and role model. by chance if Sir Gawain were living among us today, he would have his own line of pull through figures, comic books, and of curriculum a line of chic evening eating away In lines 712 -762 in the Norton Anthology, we leave that through dangerous foes and perilous weather, Sir Gawain leans on the strength of graven image to get him through his journey. Though he pick ups some(prenominal) an(prenominal) dangers in the forest, he defeats them all, using skill and bravery. Traveling through dire weather conditions, he keeps forging ahead, remaining true to his vow. And instead of blaming God, Sir Gawain leans on the solid al-Qaeda of his Christian beliefs. His journey to find the Green chapel where he expects to meet his end, is not a easy one. He faces many perils and dangers. In lines 720 -723 we see quite clearly his tribulations Now with serpents he wars, instantaneously with savage wolves, stra ightway with wild men of the woods, that watched from the rocks, both with bulls and with bears and with boars besides and giants that came gibbering from the saw-toothed steeps.He f... Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain and the Green KnigSir Gawain and the Green KnightSir Gawain proves to be a hero and role model. Perhaps if Sir Gawain were living among us today, he would have his own line of action figures, comic books, and of course a line of chic evening wear In lines 712 -762 in the Norton Anthology, we see that through dangerous foes and perilous weather, Sir Gawain leans on the strength of God to get him through his journey. Though he meets many dangers in the forest, he defeats them all, using skill and bravery. Traveling through horrid weather conditions, he keeps forging ahead, remaining true to his vow. And instead of blaming God, Sir Gawain leans on the solid foundation of his Christian beliefs. His journey to find the Green Chapel where he expects to meet his end, is not a easy one. He faces many perils and dangers. In lines 720 -723 we see quite clearly his tribulations Now with serpents he wars, now with savage wolves, now with wild men of the woods, that watched from the rocks, both with bulls and with bears and with boars besides and giants that came gibbering from the jagged steeps.He f...

To Fast or Not to Fast? Essay -- Weight Loss Dieting Diet Papers

To Fast or Not to Fast? Introduction speedy slant divergence, diligent and easy load loss, hinderance, therapeutic and low cost with these guarantees, who would not want to attempt a seemingly unchallenging abstinence fast? According to a report on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) web site, as of 1995, tens of millions of Americans are dieting at any given time, in the process spending to a greater extent than $33 billion annually on weight-reduction products. Are you playing the weight loss game? Here I will identify weight-loss programs announce on the internet, discuss their claims to success, highlight specific fallacious claims, and report on findings of some(prenominal) the FDA and discordant medical studies. Whats on the Web? A collection of easy fasting or very low-calorie weight loss plans advertised on the world wide web includes the following atomic number 20 Dreaming, The Wellness Center of Alaskas weight loss on-the-web, Medifast, Optifast, 4 date Weight Control Centers medically supervised weight loss program, Liquid Fasting Diet, All-natural Aspen Spa diet program, and various methods compiled by Fasting Center International. As an example of programs guaranteeing a rapidly fix to weight problems, I will focus on both the Medifast and Fasting Center International (FCI) methods and claims concerning weight loss. Medifast According to the Shape Up America web site, a supporter of the Medifast product, it is a physician-supervised very low-calorie diet program of fortified meal replacements providing 450-500 calories per day. (http//www.shapeup.org/sua/publications/hwhl/partax9c.html) The purpose of Medifast is to promote quick and healthy weight loss to its customers by creating a great defic... ...Dulloo, A. G. world pattern of food intake and fuel-partitioning during weight recovery after starving a theory of autoregulation of body composition. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 56 25-40, 1997. Macdonald, I. A. and J. Webber. Feeding, fasting and famishment factors affecting fuel utilization. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 54 267-274, 1995. Masoro, Edward J. McCays hypothesis undernutrition and longevity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 54 657-664, 1995. Schwartz, Michael W. and Randy J. Seeley. Neuroendocrine responses to starvation and weight loss. The New England Journal of Medicine. 336(25) 1802-1811, 1997. Schwartz, Michael W., Dallman, Mary F., and Stephen C. Woods. Hypothalamic response to starvation implications for the study of wasting disorders. American Journal of Physiology. 269 R949-57, 1995.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Depiction of Anglo-Saxon Society in Beowulf

The Depiction of Anglo-Saxon Society in Beowulf         The Old-side or Anglo-Saxon era extends from about 450 to 1066.  The Germanic tribes from the Continent who overran England in the fifth century, after the Roman withdrawal, brought with them a language that is the basis of modern English, a particular(prenominal) poetic tradition, and a relatively advanced society.  All of these qualities and spirit atomic tot 18 exemplified in the eighth-century epic poem Beowulf.         To begin with, much of the Old English poetry was probably intended to be chanted, with harp accompaniment, by the Anglo-Saxon scop.  In Beowulf, the scop entertains warriors at Heorot, also known as The Hall of Hart.  a good deal masculine and strong, but also mournful in spirit, the stories emphasize the trouble and ultimate futility of mans lot and his helplessness before the power of fate.  Beowulf, represent in 750 A.D. , was originally handed down in the same oral tradition.  In 1000 A.D. the epic poem was preserved by monastic copyists in a written manuscript.         In addition, Beowulf reflects Anglo-Saxon poetic traits.  The poetry is composed without rhyme, in a characteristic line, or verse, of four hard put syllables alternate(a) with an indeterminate number of unstressed ones.  This line strikes strangely on ears habituated to the regular modern pattern, in which the rhythmical unity, theoretically consists of a constant number of unaccented syllables that always precede or follow any stressed syllable.  Another unfamiliar but equally striking feature in the formal character of Old English poetry is struct... ...ure of pagan or idolatry worshipping and Christianity are evident in Beowulf.  For example, Christianity is displayed in a reiterate of Genesis in which A skillful bard sang the antique story/ Of mans creation (lines 88 -89).  On the other hand, pagan beliefs are perspicuous in the description of the Geats as Boar-heads glittered on glistening helmets (line 298).  Although the Anglo-Saxons were leaning toward Christianity, they silence had skeletons in the closet.         Beowulf functions as a historical document to depict a collage of Germanic societies.  It represents a relatively advanced eighth-century Anglo-Saxon community recently converted to Christianity that looks on its Scandinavian past with pride.  Beowulf also reflects a society with an elevated understanding of the values of civilization.