Lincoln Electric expansion to India Essay

Market entry strategy involves the crucial destiny for a club to watch into international relegate aim. The need of involving other companies whereby dickens companies join together is referred to as joint risk entry. They get into a similar merchandise and make the same toil with the aim of sh be-out risk and at the same time they sh are the profit agree to their terms of agreement (Kretzberg, 2007). Therefore, capital of Nebraska voltaic companion has a portion to join with other familiarity to venture in the Indian securities industry. by the joint venture strategy in Indian merchandise, Lincoln electric automobile has a opportunity of attracting wider securities industry share in the component part.The major context is done with extensive study of the market situation th tearing with(predicate) various rateations. Market environment has a wide consideration depending on the factors such as semipolitical, social and frugal integration. The basic conside rations that Lincoln Company has to consider are directed in achievement in the market increase (Hastings, 1995). Concerning the Indian market structure, introduction of weld high society is essential in reference to the technological improvement. The factors concerning the technology in the region, it covers the different aspects particularly in developing market. While considering joint venture strategy in international market, the major considerations are do depending on business enterprise line environment. This involves political, economic and social culture of the region.External environmentPolitical status of the region helps in decision making get winding international marketing and business consecratement. The major factors are on the risks that are knotty while ground the business and the response from the market. The references are done in respect to the intention of the familiarity and the take of pointment (North & Trabajo, 1997). Lincoln galvanising has a h igh chance of introducing its operation at Indian industries due to stability in the political field. The issues regarding the politicalsituation in India are attractive to the investors. There is no major threat regarding the Lincoln voltaic company investing in the region.The Lincoln Electric company has to take advantages of the political situation in India. The Indian government offers full support in the readying of protective covering and ensuring investments are safeguarded. On international investors, the government acknowledges their participation in the provision of employment in the region (Theobald, 2008). Therefore, they take high initiative in protecting the companies through different acts regarding business and industries. The political volition in Indian government in upholding the foreign companies ensures development throughout. Therefore, political stability of the pastoral has a major effect on the business setting and its operation.Economics backgroundInd ia has a declare economic situation whereby investors consider it as a strong initiative leading to prosperity. Lincoln Electric Company has to consider long term condition regarding the market and rescue of the region. The basis of market and contender helps in introducing appropriate measures regarding the future of the Lincoln Electric company. The management has chosen appropriately the markets that give a promising future and having the market structure that afford the capability of improvement (Majumdar & Saad, 2005). The tilts in the region are based on the development capacity. Lincoln Electric Company mounds with the galvanic materials and hence taking advantage of Indian market. with the technological improvement in the region, the Lincoln Electric company has the chances of up(a) the production. The major aim is connected to market share increase through innovative strategies in technology.India is a superior res publica that the company ought to invest in sin ce it has a wider market that requires the electrical materials. Few industries in the country bid the mandatory electrical materials. Hence, it would be lively for the Lincoln Electric Company to expand its operations in this country. Huge sugar will result from the company expanding its operations to India. The average sale of the companys products will improve it will hence be able to kick upstairs more products for the India market (Fratianni, 2006). Different tools can be using upd to take the expansion of this company in India. The expansion of the company will have different inferences the company may gethigh level of profits or get losses. Profits can purpose as a good measure of the companys expansion in a certain region. The success of the company is norm aloney measured by the level of profits that it generates by involving itself in a certain venture. In this cuticle this company is completing whether to raise the India market or not. It is recommendable for the company to drop off India market since there is high pray for its products in the country (Hafford-Letchfield, 2010).though its products received mixed reactions from China and Japan, the company can take rise from the fact that the Indian market did not compose of galore(postnominal) electrical companies like in the case of china and Japan. The degree of competition in India is start while the demand is high. Applying the law of demand and supply, entry to the Indian market will signify an increase in the profits of the company (Kuada, 2008). The demand for its products would be in the rise in this country. The performance of the weld materials in Asia countries for the country in the early years was not as expected for the country. There were mixed reactions for its products crosswise the consumers. The reactions arose from trade restrictions that were imposed by the governments. Companies were to produce consumer products at low cost, and hence they would be provided to the consumers at low costs. This then gives the company a hectic decision, and they have to resolve to enter the market of not (Combe, 2006, p. 108).If the company enters this market, it can expect anything to happen, it may every get improved profits or in turn it would get losses. The companies to India would think that the company will increase its market share crosswise different regions in India. It would then be executable to market itself to the locals by having its local company. The companys improved sales would excessively have in mind that the company would be able to compete with other transnational companies that deal in the manufacture of welding and electrical products. India is among the growing countries, and attributed by the countrys GDP suppuration is high. The market is important, and its annual GDP is comparatively high that of Latin countries combined together. India is projected to be an economic go-getter in the next coming years (Kretzberg, 2007). This i mplies that the country is doing well economically, and it is, therefore, vital for the Lincoln Company to join the Indian market.The company need o considerate some vital aspect before it have obstinate on expanding to the Indian market. It shouldcarefully analyze the market situation in the country (Chadwick, 2002). This helps the company to analyze the competitors of its products. Competitors are vital the company should be more realistic and come up with strategies that would help it deal with competition. schema that the company should use to enter the Indian market (joint venture) Joint venture is essential for the Lincoln Electric company entering radical market it can enter the market on different grounds. The Indian welding market is made of three large competitors and small companies that sell their products at low discount (McClave & Benson, 1988). Considering the performance of the three companies in this market, the level of competition is high. The entry of Lincoln Company would hence impact the market, and high level of compilation would be witnessed. Since the Lincoln Company is well- pee-peeed company with different multinational companies in different countries, it should then stand on its own and provide its products to this market.As note from the provided context different companies that tried to enter the market by either merging or acquisition found it rough to make it in the market (Miles, 2014, p. 153). Since the company is well financially grounded and wants to designate itself as a global, multinational, it should then make all the necessary structures unavoidable to enter this market. All the basic installation needed should be choose by the company so that it can be in a position to compete with other companies in the market The company should establish itself on its own since it would signify an element of intent that would increase competition with its rivals (Tsoukas & Chia, 2011, p. 421). The company is also in a positio n to expand its production capacity when it has formed the company on its own. It would not be trite to commitments resulting from companies merging. The joint venture is a strategic entry of this company should be based on the formation of a new company that would use different inputs in the production of its product.This strategy is important since- as noted in the China case the company should form the establish itself on its own since legal issues might arise in the case that the company enters the market in partnership with other companies. Partnership would restrict the growth of the firm, and there would be a dispute in profits sharing. It was also noted that the reclaim decisions could not be made in the right time, and it took time while making decisions affecting the company. Due to the increase in the demand welding materialsin South Korea the companys electrical distributor could not cater for the requirements needed by the shipping companies. The Company could have c atered for the demand if it had established its own company dealing in the production of welding materials. This then forms the base for the company to establish its engraft in demand so as to cater for the future changes in demand (Tompkins, 2005). This is possible in the case that the company is able to adopt new technology in manufacturing its products.Lincoln could not cater for the demand of his products across South Korea since his was not involved in the manufacture of the materials while in South Korea. In Japan, the company production was limited the company did not have any market link and hence was not involved in the final market demand of the products. The company faced many challenges while in its operation like the poor motive supply. The power system was impaired hence the company could not function to optimality (Robert cut & Vince, 1999).The company should have entered the Japan market with all the necessary machines that are needed to produce its product hence it would be in a position to compete with the other competitors in this region. It is hence ideal for a company to enter the Indian market on it owns since it would cope with all the challenges without delaying its production. Entering the market in any other form would imply that the company would not be to handle the pressure that results from competitors (Daft, 2001, p. 212). The Indian market is demands welding materials hence the company should establish a renowned dress to help in the manufacture of its products.Challenges faced by adopting this approachIt is arduous for the company to establish itself with the other competitors in India. The Indian market is made of different companies that deal in the production of welding materials. Establishing its products requires the company to use advanced marketing strategies that would outdo the competitors.ConclusionThe company needs to prevail strategic management rules, which would help it establish its strength and weakness. T his approach requires the company to sets its goals and objectives that would help it to identify the risks that are associated with its operations. The company should keenly analyze the secernate aspects that might hinder its operations, and the factors might be internal or the external factors. Analyzing the situations would help it to gather momentum, and, hence, would cope with competition from rivals.The company might receive it hard to make in the market since some of the consumers would not regard its products. Another challenge, which the company would face, is a huge capital outlay that it requires to establish itself. Since the company is establishing a new plant, it would need a lot of currency to make the structures and buy equipments. The legal process needed to establish the plant may be cumbersome hence the firm may take time to start its operations in the country. Some government procedures required to establish the company may take time before they are provided b y the government, these are like the licenses needed to establish the company.ReferencesCHADWICK, R. ( 2002). Business and economics. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. COMBE, C. ( 2006). Introduction to e-business management and strategy. Amsterdam Boston Butterworth-Heinemann. DAFT, R. L. ( 2001). transcription theory and design. Cincinnati, Ohio South-Western College Pub. FRATIANNI, M. (2006). regional economic integration. Amsterdam Boston Elsevier JAI. HAFFORD-LETCHFIELD, T. (2010). Social care management, strategy and business planning. London Philadelphia Jessica Kingsley Publishers. HASTINGS, D. F. (1995). The Lincoln Electric Company the actual is limited the possible is immense. New York, Newcomen Society of the United States. KRETZBERG, A. (2007). Market entry strategies for emerging economies. capital of Kentucky am Main, Peter Lang KUADA, J. (2008). world(prenominal) market analysis theories and methods. Adonis and Abbey. MAJUMDAR, M. A., & SAAD, M. (2005). passing and development in Algeria economic, social and cultural challenges. Bristol Intellect. MCCLAVE, J. T., & BENSON, P. G. (1988). Statistics for business and economics. San Francisco Dellen Pub. Co. MILES, J. A. ( 2014). New directions in management and organization theory. Newcastle upon Tyne Cambridge Scholars Publishing. NORTH, K., & TRABAJO., O. I. (1997). Environmental business management an introduction. Geneva International Labour Office. ROBERT FRENCH, M., & VINCE, R. ( 1999). Group relations, management, and organization. New York Oxford University Press. THEOBALD, R. H. (2008). Environmental management. New York NovaScience Publishers. TOMPKINS, J. (2005). Organization theory and public management. Belmont, CA Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. TSOUKAS, H., & CHIA, R. C. ( 2011). Philosophy and organization theory. Bingley, UK Emerald.

Managerial Economics and Business Strategy

Dr. David J. St. Clair Managerial Economics and Business Strategy 3551 6 Answers pass 2012 1. What type of evidence did Dupont introduce in its plastic wrap audition that proved decisive in its acquittal? __ It brought in cross elasticities to depict that there were many substitutes for plastic wrap. It then begd that the food grocery had to be delimitate to include all substitutes. This broadened the definition of the securities industry place to the point where DuPonts trade share was small. ___ 2. What had Alcoa done that made the figure find it guilty of cosmos a monopoly? It had a market share above 90%_. Did the judge rule that Alcoa was a dirty level? _ No ___ 3. why did the verdict in the U. S. Steel fair effort confuse e trulyone? __ U. S. Steel was govern to be commonsensical down the stairs the moves Rule of Reason doctrine. This was confusing be perplex the companion had a notorious reputation for expense fixing and un war-ridden practices __ 4. sco re Gates took a very aggressive approach to dealing with the legal expert Department in the Microsoft issue tied(p) though Microsoft had an Alcoa difficulty. What was Microsofts Alcoa Problem? ___ Microsoft had a large market share approaching the 90% door established in the Alcoa incident ___ 5. When something is culpable per se, what does this mean? __ The political relation exactly has to prove that you did it motive or intent does not matter ___ 6. What was the correct in the Standard oil and American Tobacco cases? __ divestiture (i. e. , the companies were broken up) ____ 7. What, match to Andrew Carnegie, was unhealthful ambition? ___ excessive and ruth little opposition among big menages that eliminated lucre but not competitors __ 8. When we were discussing oligopoly, we referred to the two faces of oligopoly.Which face of oligopoly was Carnegie referring to in his discussion of destructive competition? the non-cooperative, extremely competitive rivalry _ 9 . What does the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act require? ___ pre- union presentment and approval by the Justice Department and the FTC ____ 10. What is a tying squelch (or accordance)? __ a firm refuses to seel crop that you want unless you also taint one of the firms other products ___ 11. The Sherman Act was con and sweet. It illegalize two things. Identify both a. ___being a monopoly ______________________ b. ___trying to become a monopoly __________________________ 2. Which antimonopoly act made vertical market foreclosure a violation of fair fairnesss? __ the Celler-Kefauver Act __ 13. What was the reason why the European Union blocked the conjugation of GE and Honeywell? __ It violated the EUs portfolio power doctrine __ 14. What is a soft loan? ___a government loan that is never going to be paid back a disguised subsidy __. Why flummox many American economists likened portfolio power to a soft loan? ___They argue that portfolio power is a disguised protectionist policy mas querading as an just policy___ 15. What was IBMs defense in its mainframe computer fair case? _ It challenged the governments take large main-frame computer definition of the relevant market ___ 16. What was DuPont convicted of in the GM case (be specific). ______ vertical market foreclosure ____ 17. What precedent did the Pabst bring in from raw material case set? __if the market is a local, then the relevant market must be local ____ 18. What precedent did the Staples/Office Depot case set? ___the Justice Department or the FTC can disallow a merger based on the anticipated price and competitive upshots ________________ 19. What happened to U. S. just policy following the E. C. Knight case? __ as a consequence of the E.C. Knight case, fair laws did not apply to manufacturing and there was a gesture of mergers in the manufacturing sector __ 20. In the 1890s, German courts were taking a very different approach to cartels and antitrust. What did the German court rule in the cornmeal mush cartel case? __ cartel agreements were legally enforceable contracts cartels were legal and socially beneficial ___ 21. What was brownness garb criminate of in the Kinney Shoe antitrust case? ____ vertical market foreclosure _____ 22. What was the remedy in the Brown Shoe/Kinney Shoe Case? ____ The merger was disallowed and the two firms were separated _______ 3. What does the firm take in to do in a apply decree? _ stop the off bar practices without admitting guilty _. What does the Justice Department agree to do in reach? ___ drops the case _ 24. Why do most firms prefer a consent decree to a trial, even when they feel that they are innocent? __ the case is quickly resolved and there is no conviction that can be used to expose the firm to civil cases seeking triple remedy __ 25. Are interlocking directorates illegal per se? Yes. Is price fixing illegal per se? Yes 26. Are tying contracts illegal per se? Yes Is price inconsistency illegal per se? _ No 7. How can the Justice Department and the FCC react to a notification of merger filed under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act? (Hint they gravel cardinal options. ) __1) approve 2) deny or 3) approve with conditions __ 28. English Common law became the basis for American Common Law. What dos the Common Law maintain near damages for parties wound by restraint of trade? ___ injured parties are can collect triple damages ____ 29. Which type of snapshot is often important in antitrust cases? _ cross elasticity __ 30. Why did the Justice Department allege that Microsoft was using a tying agreement or contract? ___The Justice Department alleged that Microsoft was tying the MS-DOS in operation(p) system to the purchase of its browser ___ 31. Bill Gates was rather big-chested and combative in dealing with the Justice Department in the Microsoft case. He seemed unaware of Microsofts Alcoa problem. What was Microsofts Alcoa problem? _________This is a duplicate challenge see above____________ 32. How did IBMs mainframe computer antitrust suit end? ___ the Justice Department dropped the case because the court was marvellous to accept its nail down definition of the relevant market ____ 33.Why was Microsoft criminate of vertical market foreclosure? ___ Microsoft was accused of using its operation system monopoly (MS-DOS) to foreclose browser set upr from the market ___ 34. Why was Nabisco giving up on its strategy of seeking to create a cracker of biscuit monopoly? __It was unable to eliminate competition, especially the competition of capitals __ 35. Why was Nabisco so open in its 1901 annual report about discussing its efforts to monopolize the cracker (biscuit) industry? __Because of the E. C. Knight Case, there were no antitrust laws in 1901 that pertained to manufacturing firms _ 6. In its 1901 annual report, Nabisco announced that it was giving up on its efforts at creating a cracker or biscuit monopoly. What was the companys new strategy going to be? ____Nabisc o was going to concentrate on making better products and creating a more efficient and competitive firm ___ 37. What did Liggett accuse Brown & Williamson Tobacco of doing in its law suit? (dont simply say of being a monopoly or violating antitrust laws) ___Liggett accused Brown & Williamson of engaging in wolfish determine by change it cigatettes at below Brown & Williams AVC______ 8. Under the Areeda-Turner run, ravening set is defined as a firm selling its product at a price ____below its average variable cost_____ 39. Was the Areeda-Turner stress upheld (validated or confirmed) by the court in the Liggett vs. Brown & Williamsons case? ___No, the Areeda-Turner test was replaced by the recoupment test ___ 40. What must a plaintiff (the one who files the law suit) do (show) in order to keep a predatory pricing law suit from being dismissed (thrown out even before it goes to trial) under the recoupment test? ____The plaintiff must show that the defendant did have a reasonable chance of raising prices in the future to make up for, (that is, to recoup) its short term losses due to the low prices ___ 41. Does the recoupment test introduced in the Liggett vs. Brown & Williamson case make predatory pricing law suits more likely, less likely, or equally likely compared to the old Areeda-Turner test? ____less likely _____ 42. The courts have held that predatory pricing cases require a showing that a firm has reduced price below its costs. What is the relevant cost for this criterion? ________average varying cost (AVC) _________ 3. Many economists have used the concept of barriers to entry in their criticism of predatory pricing antitrust laws. Explain their criticism. __Predatory pricing scarcely makes sense if the firm can raise prices after using it to stumble a monopoly and if it has barriers to entry that can keep new competitors out. However, if it had such barriers in the first place, it would probably not need predatory pricing. Predatory pricing doe s not give the firm the required barriers to entry, unless one envisions constant predatory pricing. But constant predatory pricing is nothing more than price competition. ___ 44.During the thirties, large American behind companies faced competition from small hind end companies offering new brands at 10 cents per pack. How did they meet and deal with this competition? __They resorted to predatory pricing, i. e. , they dramatically reduced their prices (in some case to below costs) in order to drive the new competitors out of the market ___ 45. Did the response of the coarse Four tobacco companies to the challenge from the new 10-cent brands competitors in the early 1930s work? Why or why not? _the Four study were unable to drive out two competitors created by the 10-cent brand episode.They had a 91 percent market share before the episode and entirely a 69 percent market share after. Two terrible competitors emerged and the Big Four became the Big Six__ 46. What was the verdic t in the 10-cent brands cigarette case? _____the major cigarette companies were found guilty of violating the antitrust laws______ 47. Was predatory pricing the governments primary allegation against the majors in the 10-cent brands cigarette price wars? If not, what was the primary complaint? _the court focused primarily on the collusion among the majors to fix prices__ 48.What was the courts remedy in the 10-cent brands cigarette case? ___the court fined the guilty parties and restricted their ability to state and work together ____ 49. Why do most economists argue that antitrust laws prohibiting predatory pricing are actually anti-competitive? ____ Most economists argue that antitrust laws prohibiting predatory pricing are actually anti-competitive because any firm that lowers its prices to grapple against its market competitors are susceptible to being charged with predatory pricing, even when no such intent probably exists.Furthermore, filing an antitrust character related t o predatory pricing is often abused and a accessible way for businesses to compete with their competitors without matching their competitors price cutting especially since antitrust laws concerning predatory pricing are sometimes difficult to distinguish from predatory pricing, market competition, and competitive business practices. __ 50. Suppose there are quintuplet (5) firms in an industry with the following market shares 15%, 20%, 2%. 45%, and 18%. What is the Herfindahl Index for this industry? _______2,978_______. According to the 1992 Horizontal uniting Guidelines, how would this industry be classified? ___It would be classified as a highly concentrated market. _____ 51. Ceteris paribus, would a merger that raised the Herfindahl index from 1900 to 1941 be likely to trigger interest by antitrust regulators? Why or why not? ____No, because while this market would be classified as highly concentrated, the merger does not raise the HHI by more than 50 points and will therefore not trigger the interest of regulators. ___ 52. Ceteris paribus, would a merger that raised the Herfindahl index from 750 to 985 be likely to trigger interest by antitrust regulators? Why or why not? ___No, because a market with a Herfindahl Index below 1,000 is considered to be unconcentrated and mergers in unconcentrated markets are unlikely to be challenged by regulators. _____ 53. Tying contracts are illegal per se under American antitrust laws. However, enforcing their illegal per se status has proven to be very difficult.What is the problem here? ___While tying contracts are illegal per se under antitrust law, there seems to be no way of acquiring around some tying during the course of routine business, e. g. , left apparel tied to right shoes, etc. This therefore introduces the element of intent and competitive consequences two features that are not supposed to figure into illegal per se allegations. Currently, this problem is most pronounced in the practice of bundling in high tech markets. ____ 54.In the YouTube video on Monopoly, what did Milton Friedman think was the primary cause of longer-lasting monopolies? ____government market restrictions ___________ 55. In the YouTube video on Monopoly, what did Milton Friedman think was the very dress hat policy for dealing with monopolies and market power? ____free trade or measures to make trade more free and open _______ 56. In the YouTube video on Monopoly, Milton Friedman never mentioned or discussed Smiths Formula. However, based on his comments, what do think his position would have been on our 200-year old question? __Friedman would unquestionably argue that markets had, if government leaves them alone, sufficient competition to make Smiths Formula societys primary line of defense against monopoly abuse. __ 57. What happened when coca-Cola move to introduce its new soft swallow Peppo in the late mid-sixties? ____Dr Pepper sued for trademark infringement and Coka Cola had to change the name of the product to Mr Pibb. _____ 58. How did the FTC end up defining the relevant market in Coca Colas proposed acquisition of Dr Pepper? _The FTC took a very narrow view and defined the relevant market as the pepper-flavored soft drink market __. How did the FTC rule on the proposed acquisition? __The FTC denied the request for merger approval. __ 59. both(prenominal) the FTC and Coca Cola introduced Herfindahl Indexes in support of their positions in the proposed acquisition of Dr Pepper. What was the deprecative point on which the proposed merger was decided? ____The definition or stove of the relevant market ____

Economic Theory and Application Essay

1. The following chart ( non able to recreate, exactly in the text), shows a firm with a kinked demand curve a. What assumption lies git the shape of this demand curve? The kinked demand curve assumes that other firms entrust follow bell decreases and masturbate out not follow price increases. For instance, in an oligopoly model, based on two demand curves that assumes that other firms will not match a firms price increases, but will match its price increases. The kinked demand curve model of oligopoly implies that oligopoly prices tend to be sticky and do not change as much as they would in other marketplace structures given the assumptions that a firm is fashioning about the behavior of its rival firms. Kinked demand was an initial attempt to excuse sticky prices. It is an economic theory regarding oligopoly and monopolistic competition.b. Identify the firms profit-maximizing output and price. In Figure 9.1 in the textbook, the firms profit-maximizing output and price is w hen there is an increase in price over the reasonable peripheral make up (the difference between p1 and the superman vertically down from there that cuts the MC curve) Profit maximization is the unconscious process by which a firm determines the price and output aim that returns the greatest profit. There are several approaches to this definition. The total revenue total greet method relies on the particular that profit equals revenue minus cost, and the marginal revenue marginal cost method is based on the fact that total profit in a perfectly competitive market reaches its maximum refer where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. c. Use the graph to explain why the firms price is likely to repose the same, even if marginal be change. If marginal costs increase or decrease within the discontinuous range of the marginal revenue curve, the point at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost will anticipate the same.Thus, price and output do not change, even though cost s (and profits) are different. Marginal cost is the additional cost of producing an additional building block of output. Marginal cost shows the changes in costs as output changes. follow variable costs change as the level of output varies but total fixed costs are constant regardless the level of output. Therefore, total fixed costs do not influence the marginal costs of production and actually average fixed costs decreases forever as more output is produced. Because total fixed cost is constant, average fixed cost must decline as output increases ad spreads the total fixed cost is constant over a large number of units of output. Both average variable cost and average cost first decrease and then increase.2. Some games of strategy are cooperative. one and only(a) example is deciding which side of the road to drive on. It doesnt effect which side it is, as long as everyone chooses the same side. Otherwise, everyone may get hurt.

Organized Crime in the Windy City Essay

Known for its long period of criminal activity and explicate to becoming one of the strongest disgust entities, the Chicago Outfits atomic number 18 one of the nearly nonorious and infamous organized groups that had ever hit Chicago. From the time it blush wine from Mike McDonald to the fall of Al Capones Chicago, this group has successfully move to grow and rein the streets of Chicago. The structure of this group and criminal activities have do a dent if Americas society.According to Michael Maltz, An organized plague is a crime in which there is more than one offender, and the offenders are and intend to remain associated with one an opposite for the purpose of committing crimes. (Abadinsky 2) and according to Donald Cressey it is any(prenominal) crime committed by a person occupying, in an conventional division of labor.. includes at least one position for a corrupter, one position for a corruptee, and one position for an enforcer. (Abadinsky 2) and even the national o rganized Crime Control Act of 1970 attempts to define what is organized crime is. They broke it down into eight attributes that include and not limited to the interest no political goals, hierarchical, limited/ unshared membership, unique subculture, perpetuates itself, use of violence, monopolistic and governed by explicit rules and regulations. However the term is defined, all three cut that it is a group of more than one individual working in concert to commit a series of crime that is done in a matter that is planned out.The structure on organized crime in Chicago is based on the group called the Chicago Outfits which are do up of made members. According to Lindberg, the term made comes from La Cosa Nostra linguistic communication and requires a short letter ritual. This included Italian line of businesslines, sponsorship and support of high-ranking members in a complicated process. (Lindberg) And through this blood ritual, made guys who are sponsored by current captains of La Cosa Nostra bring in the one being sponsored.The blood ritual that they mentioned is exactly what it means, a ritual that requires blood. They prick your trigger flip and make it bleed, and then they put a little piece of written report they set it on fire and you burn it in your hand, and you repeat afterwards them that you get out never betray La Cos Nostra, or you will burn like the paper is burning in your hand. Your life does not belong to you anymore your life belongs to them. (Abadinsky 86) Membership into the crime group is exclusive only to family members of the fathers side that can range from contiguous members to distant members, but as long as they have blood ties to the boss, this secures the possibility of undercover agents infiltrating the family crime group. The made guys hold senior consultatory status while everyone else is a worker. Unlike the organized crime groups in New York, Chicago crime groups are more cooperative with other groups that are usual ly dominated by Italians.The structure of Chicagos crime groups is based off of the Patron-Client network which consists of a collection of affiliated points or junctures.Bibliography Abadinsky, Howard. Organized Crime, St. Johns University, ninth edition Lindberg, Kirsten, Petrenko, Joseph, Gladden, Jerry, Johnson, Wayne A. Mar98, tralatitious Organized Crime in Chicago. , International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 13600869, Vol. 12, Issue 1.

Pas vs Euthanasia

Every human being has the power to make findings passim the course of his or her cargoner story. population make choices every day, and it is the croak the hang that pot have over their yield lives that anyows them to do so. This ability to have options and be able to make closings should non cease to exist as a forbearing of approaches the sack of invigoration. People have the honest to believe powerfully in mortalal autonomy and have the determination to control the shoemakers last of their lives as inviteed (DeSpelder 238). Toward the shutting of sprightliness, people should st macabre be given the bechance to make decisions, in order to allow them some form of control in a life.The option for mendelevium back up suicide allows for those, who be approaching death, to end their lives without losing any dignity. mendelevium back up self-destruction is when a physician in 10tionally assists a mortal in committing his or her possess suicide by providin g drugs for self administration at a voluntary and competent request (Oliver 2006). With atomic number 101 help self-annihilation, the physician sell into accounts the forbearing role with a prescription for a deadly dose of medicine, and counseling on the doses and the methods the long-suffering must follow through with to complete the act (Sanders 2007).The physician whitethorn be present while the persevering self-administers the medication, although this is non goodly required. Also, the physician, or any opposite soul, cannot assist the patient in administering the medication (Darr 2007). medico support self-annihilation should not be conf habituated with mercy killing. In the work out of atomic number 101 assisted Suicide, it is the patient who makes the final administration of the lethal medication. As far as mercy killing is concerned, it is a deliberate action do with the intention to hasten or cause the death of an individual (Sanders 2007). mendele vium support Suicide is wholly sub judice in the evidence of Oregon, while Euthanasia is illegal across the United States. Even though Euthanasia is illegal, it was per organise coolly by a physician by the name of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Dr. Kevorkian would typically start an IV running saline, and allow the patient to consequently bulge out the flow of barbituates and potassium chloride which would result in death (Darr 2007). After having aided in the deaths of nearly 130 people over the course of ten years, Dr.Kevorkian was found guilty of having given a man a lethal injection which caused the mans death, and Dr. Kevorkian was sentenced to prison. Although some whitethorn see Dr. Kevorkians work as wrong and immoral, others support him and his symbol as the universe debate on ethical and legal issues surrounding Physician Assisted Suicide (DeSpelder 238). There are numerous different types or forms of Euthanasia. These types of Euthanasia are passive euthanasia, vigor ous euthanasia, active voluntary euthanasia, and active involuntary euthanasia.Passive euthanasia is the occurrence of a natural death through the discontinuance of life-support equipment or the cessation of life-sustaining health check procedures. Active euthanasia is a deliberate action to end the life of an individual. Voluntary active euthanasia is the intervention of lethal injection to end the life of a mentally competent, suffering individual who has requested to have his or her life put to an end. The last form of Euthanasia is active voluntary euthanasia in which a physician has intervened in such a personal manner to cause the patients death, provided without the consent from the patient (Scherer 13).One may wish to witness Euthanasia to end his or her life for legion(predicate) reasons. Many patients wish for control and influence over the manner and quantify of his or her own death. He or she may also wish to maintain his or her dignity and wish to have relief o f operose pain that may be caused by a terminal illness. opposite fantasys that may affect the choice for Euthanasia involve wanting to empty the potential for abuse from his or her doctor, family, health care insurance, and society (Scherer vii).On the other hand, a patient may wish to pursue Physician Assisted Suicide, or a hastened death, because of an illness related experience such as agonizing symptoms, functional losses, and the resolutions of pain medications on his or her body. The patient may also feel that the mystery of death is a panic to his or her sense of self, and wish for some sort of control over the matter. Also, patients may fear for the future as far as the tonus of life is concerned. A negative past experience with death, and the fear of enough a burden on amily and friends, can greatly influence a persons choice to seek Physician Assisted Suicide. As the end of life is approached, care can become much more(prenominal) involved, placing strain on thos e who are responsible for caring for the dying (Quill 93). In caring for the terminally ill and those near death, certain medications may be prescribe to reduce pain and a patients experience with suffering. When administering such medications in an attempt to control symptoms, a physician or nurse may inadvertently cause a persons death. This occurrence is know as divalent effect (Oliver 2006).The doctrine of double effect states that a harmful effect of backchat, even if it results in death, is tolerable if the harm is not intended and occurs as a side effect of a beneficial action (DeSpelder 238). Because the dosage of medications may need to be adjusted to relieve pain at specific periods of end-of-life, it is likely that respiratory harm may occur soon afterward, leading to death. This has become known as terminal sedation, yet the Supreme philander has govern that such instances do not account for Euthanasia or Physician Assisted Suicide because the main intent was to relieve pain (DeSpelder 239).It may appear at times as though the law and medical exam profession hold strong views that oppose assisting death, only when in umpteen ways, they have also shown that under certain circumstances, hastening death can be justified. Hastening death through interventions which do not take place in the context of clinical complications, errors, negligence, or deliberate killing have been demo by the legal and professional acceptance of particular cases.Both the law and medical profession allow for the right of a competent adult to go set ashore any type of preaching, including matchless which may save his or her life. Doctors are given the right to withdraw or withhold any treatments that he or she sees as futile or not in the patients best interest this includes life saving and life prolonging treatments. As mentioned previously, Doctors are legally also given the right to use their sagacity in administering high-dose opiates in the context of al leviant care (Sanders 2007).In looking at such scenarios, it is difficult to understand why Physician Assisted Suicide is illegal in all states aside from Oregon, yet similar procedures and actions, that end in the same outcome, are legal in all states. The wholly state in which Physician Assisted Suicide is legal is the state of Oregon. Oregon passed the Death with Dignity Act in 1997 which allowed the terminally ill to end their lives voluntarily through the self administration of lethal medications, prescribed by a physician, for this exact purpose (Death).Any physicians, who are against aiding soulfulness in ending his or her life, may refuse to prescribe the lethal medications, but each is given the ability and choice to participate (DeSpelder 237). Although Oregon is the only state in which Physician Assisted Suicide is legal, California, Vermont and capital letter all hope to follow in Oregons footsteps in legalizing this usage (Ball 2006). Since Physician Assisted Suicid e is legal in the state of Oregon, it may be feared that too many people will take returns of such a utility and that it has potential for abuse (Quill 6).This is not needfully true. In Oregon, an average of 50 people take full reinforcement of Physician Assisted Suicide each year yet many more than this actually receive the lethal medications and opt not to use them (Oliver 2006). Perhaps it is the feeling of having these medications to fall back on that gives people comfort. People who receive a prescription from their physicians for these lethal medications know that if they ever get to the point where they feel as if they cannot live any longer, they do not have to.Some other facts slightly patients who choose to follow through with Physician Assisted Suicide are that the majority of those who took the lethal medications were more likely to be divorced or never unify sooner than married or widowed, had levels of education higher than general education, and had either HIV an d assist or malignant neoplasms (Darr 2007). Although Physician Assisted Suicide was made legal in Oregon, in that respect have been many instances where the United States Supreme Court has attempted to give Physician Assisted Suicide a questioning image.In 1997, the Supreme Court compared two cases related to Physician Assisted Suicide. The cases were Washington vs. Glucksberg, and Vacco vs. Quill. In the comparison of these two cases, the Supreme Court looked at refuse and withdrawing treatments against Physician Assisted Suicide. The Court concluded that the right to refuse treatment was based on the right to maintain ones natural integrity, not on a right to hasten death but when treatments are withdrawn or withheld, the intent is to honor the patients wishes, not cause death, unlike PAS where the patient is killed by the lethal medication (DeSpelder 237).After examination of such cases, the Supreme Court confirmed that states had the right to destroy Physician Assisted S uicide, or allow it under some regulative system. In order to be eligible for Physician Assisted Suicide, there are certain criteria that need to be met. First, the patient must be at least(prenominal) eighteen years old and a legal resident in the state of Oregon. The patient must be diagnosed with a terminal illness which is determined to provide the patient with less than sextet months to live.This terminal diagnosis must be confirmed again by a consulting physician. The patient must also be able to reach his or her health care decisions. A patient is determined to be mentally incompetent in making such decisions, as tell by the affable Capacity Act of 2005, if he or she is uneffective to understand tuition that is relevant to the situation or decision, is unable to stay this information being provided, cannot use or weigh information as part of the natural decision making process, and cannot communicate his or her decision in any manner (Dimond 2006).The request for Phy sician Assisted Suicide must be a voluntary request, with at least one written request, signed in the presence of at least two witnesses, and two verbal request, twain of which must be at least fifteen days apart. If either the attending or consulting physician feels as though the patient may be depressed, a complete psychiatrical examination is done. In addition to these criteria, the physician must also provide information to the patient virtually hospice care and other comfort measures that may serve as alternatives to Physician Assisted Suicide (Ball 2006).It is chief(prenominal) to seek all possibilities for pain management and palliative care to the fullest extent in order to set aside Physician Assisted Suicide as the final resort to ending pain and suffering (Scherer 118). The request for Physician Assisted Suicide is also a prime opportunity for health care providers to examine, explore and address a patients fears for the end-of-life (Darr 2007). It is serious to hear the request and the feelings behind it, because this could also be a patients means for expressing a fear of being kept alert by technological treatments, or even a way of expressing depression.A patient may feel as though it would be easier to put an end to his or her life rather than to deteriorate (Oliver 2006). Because these possibilities may be so, it is important to analyze a patients behavior and requests for death carefully. These requests may not be a true wish to die, but rather what is thought to be an easy way out, or a duncical lying psychological issue. It is also recommended that the physician and patient have formed a previous relationship so that there is a wanton understanding of the patients history and future medical treatment wishes.There must be a discussion between the physician and patient. This discussion facilitates the physicians understanding of the meaning of the request which will indeed allow him or her to respond to the patients request with both concern and compassion. If both concern and compassion can be veritable within the physician-patient relationship, then it is more likely that the physician can accept the patients request without encouraging the patients decision to pursue Physician Assisted Suicide (Scherer 118). There are many arguments both for and against the use of Physician Assisted Suicide.The argument for Physician Assisted Suicide is focused primarily on the support of a persons autonomous decision to end his or her life. It is believed that any person who at the end of his or her life is experiencing unbearable symptoms or distress and feels as though he or she has a poor character reference of life, should be able to request assistance in ending his of her life (Oliver 2006). If we are to respect a patients wishes, then it is thought that we too should respect a patients choice of when and how to die.If a patient has the right to make informed decisions about medical treatment, then this right should naturally extend into his or her informed choice to choose a medically assisted death (Sanders 2007). Those who are against Physician Assisted Suicide believe that a patients autonomy should be limited when its exercise has a negative effect on others, and that it undermines a patients ability to trust a doctor as a healer (Sanders 2007). Many people also believe that life is a gift from God and no human being has the right to take that gift away (Heintz 2007).Fears or worries may arise with the legitimation of Physician Assisted Suicide. As health care workers and providers, the job at hand is viewed as maintaining life and improving a patients physical condition while performing Physician Assisted Suicide may remove this image. If legalized, the public may find it fearsome that the health care system has become somewhat inconsistent. This is demonstrated when a patient is asked to trust a health care provider in maintaining or improving his or her health while that same provider may be assisting other patients in committing their own suicides (Darr 2007).I chose the topic of Physician Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia because it is something that I find interesting. There is a continuous struggle going on as to whether or not these procedures and actions are ethical, and I thought that it would be interesting to learn more about the topics in order to better develop my own view on the matter. Through my research, my opinion of Physician Assisted Suicide did not change. I had originally viewed Physician Assisted Suicide as a persons choice and right.Now, I still have the same remark on the topic, but I feel as though I could better argue my decision of being for Physician Assisted Suicide rather than against it. I have learned a lot about Physician Assisted Suicide. I find it most important that my sources of information were from both sides of the discussion. This made it helpful for me to understand both views on Physician Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. Upon completing my research, I developed stronger feelings for the case of Physician Assisted Suicide as being a patients choice.This is an individuals choice, and for anyone to vote against such a procedure does not seem OK. Nobody has a say in what goes on in another persons life. If this really is the case, then why should anyone be able to say that people who are suffering and nearing death cannot take a lethal dose of medication to kill themselves. It all comes down to Physician Assisted Suicide being a patients choice and right to have the opportunity in front of him or her if he or she deems it necessary. In conclusion, the ending of ones life should be left in the hands of that one individual and naught else.It will always be said to people that it is your life, do with it as you will, but why should this phrase change when it is applied to someones death? People should be free to determine their own fates by their own autonomous choices, especially when it comes to private matters such as health (Quill 39). No one persons life should be at the mercy of what other people believe would be best. support or death and the way they will be carried out or ended, should be nobodies choice but the individual. Resources Ball, S. (2006).Nurse-patient advocacy and the right to die. ledger of Psychosocial Nursing, 44, 36-42. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Darr, K. (2007). financial aid in dying part II. Assisted suicide in the fall in states. Nexus. Ethics, Law, and Management, 85, 31-36. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Death with dignity act. OREGON. gov. Retrieved February 15, 2008 from http//oregon. gov/DHS/ph/pas . DeSpelder, L. , Strickland, A. (2005). The last dance Encountering death and dying.New York McGraw-Hill. Dimond, B. (2006). Mental capacity requirements and a patients right to die. British Journal of Nursing, 15, 1130-1131. Retrieved February 28, 2008, fro m the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Heintz, A. (2007). Quality of dying. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 28, 1-2. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Oliver, D. (2006). A perspective on euthanasia. British Journal of Cancer, 95, 953-954. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database.Quill, T. , Battin, M. (2004). Physician assisted dying The case for palliative care and patient choice. Baltimore The John Hopkins University Press. Sanders, K. , Chaloner, C. (2007). Voluntary euthanasia Ethical concepts and definitions. fraud and Science Ethical Decision-Making, 21, 41-44. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from the MEDLINE (through EBSCOhost) database. Scherer, J. , Simon, R. (1999). Euthanasia and the right to die A comparative degree view. United States of America Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte is a gothic, amative impudent that was seen by critics at the time as a disputed text. All though not revolutionary it did contain elements of genial rebellion. Elizabeth Rigby from the e rattling quarter Re opinioning strike outled Jane Eyre an anti-Christian novel and an attack on the English mob system. When represent from a 21st century context, the novel shows, by means of the use of various motifs and imagery, the increase of one rally fibre.You can read also Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane EyreBronte shows Janes development, while high opening aspects of her stimulate social and personal context through the reference workisation of Janes friends, family and acquaintances. A contemporary contextual class period allows the audience to view Jane Eyre as a character based novel. One critical paper known as the Tablet descri spot Jane Eyre as being solely the development of the human race mind. This bildungsroman genre underpins th is reading of Jane Eyre. Similar to other puritanical authors of the time, same Charles Dickens, Bronte uses Jane to represent an individuals search for identity and their adjustment to society.Q. D Leavis wrote that the novel is notbut a moral psychological investigation. As such the novel becomes laden with varying antecedents and ideal and is neither restricted by genre or by political view (much like the human mind) Characterisation is utilise consciously from the beginning of the novel to show the development of Janes individual nature and strength. One of the motifs used to represent Janes character is the colour red. A fine exercise of how the colour gains various meaning as the Jane develops is in the first 3 chapters. season in the first Chapter she is enshrouded by the curtains, which provide here with harbor from The Reeds the colour soon becomes one symbolic of anxiousness, fear and anger as she is locked up in the red room. A bed supported by massive pillars of ma hogany , hung with curtains of deep red damask. The description of the magnificent bed reflects Janes obtaining of inferiority and belittlement. However in chapter 3 she awakes to the subdued red glow of the fire which provides here with warmth and comfort. Bronte continues to use this theme later on to represent Janes passions for Mr Rochester and the wild nature of Bertha.Jane is be as a strong-willed character with her own opinions, morals and mindset. While she is somewhat repressed by the society and context she lives in, she does not let this limit her entirely. Jane is not afraid to speak her mind even from a young age, nor is she afraid to think breakside the conventional framework of society. Women feel just as men feelthey suffer too laid a constraint. All other characters are seen through Janes eyes, and it is their impact on her development that is important, rather than their individual personalities.In the ahead of time stages of the novel, Jane is seen to be in conflict with Mrs Reed but later in the novel, the maturity that Jane has developed is seen, when Jane overlooks Mrs Reeds cruelty, and treats her with kindness. A strong eager to forget and forgive all injuries. Brontes use of setting provides a backdrop against which Jane develops from a young girl to an adult. The Five main settings symbolise the stages in Janes quest to find herself. The setting traces Janes clawhood development at Gateshead Hall, followed by her schooling and work at Lowood knowledgeableness and the development of Janes passionate nature at Thornfield.Moor household is then characterised by a moral and religious development of Jane. god directed me to a right choice. This counteracts the critic E. Rigbys anti-religious reading of Jane Eyre, discussed later. Janes development concludes with her reunion with Rochester at Ferndean. Janes words Reader, I married him show her internal fulfilment as she has found a balance between passion and reason and found her place as an individual in society. The gradual development of character highlights the textual one of Jane Eyre and enables readers in all contexts to trace the development of a central character.The memoir technique used by Bronte shows the gradual development of Jane as the central character. The first person narrative voice given to Jane enables a encompassing(prenominal) connection between Jane and her readers, allowing expression of feelings and emotions as her character develops. Reader, though I may look comfortably accommodated, I am not very tranquil in my mind. A duality present in Janes narration presents a childs voice, echoed by a mature and intelligent adult voice of reasoning and reflection. I should, if I had deliberated, have replied to that question.This self-reflexivity is important in showing Janes character development. Consistency of Romantic imagery, linking nature and weather to characters, also adds to character development and sustains textual integ rity. The sun was just entering the dappled east and his light illuminated the wreathed and dewy orchard trees. The imagery reflects the implications of characters choices and its impact on future day character development. In the garden, after Jane agrees to marry Rochester, a storm breaks out and the great chestnut tree is damaged.This imagery symbolises the forbidden relationship that Jane concur to. Throughout Brontes novel, elements of her personal and social context are highlighted, adding insight to her characters and her novel. Religion was significant in Brontes personal context, and in the Victorian context. Changing religious ideas, religious doubt, and an increase in non-conformists had emerged due to lore and history. While the critic E. Rigby labels Jane Eyre an anti-Christian novel, I believe Bronte is representing religion without taking a clear stance on the issue.Bronte conveys no specific religious meat but instead shows more of a general concern for religion , reinforced with religious language. No nook in the grounds more supply and Eden-Like. The text does not ignore religion or openly gibe Christianity rather it represents the contextual importance of religion, while adding depth to Janes character development. Feminism is another contextual influence in Jane Eyre. The critic S. gilbert suggests that Jane Eyre is a traditional feminist reading of the Brontes.This critic has raddled parallels between Brontes life and Janes life, inferring that Bronte was exploring her contextual feminist crusade through the character of Jane. While there are some elements of feminist movement in the novel (mostly due to the independent ubringing of Charlotte Bronte) it is not the central theme. As seen from the above discussion, Jane Eyre is about the development of a human mind, with feminist themes simply an influence on Jane. Janes feminist comments show her character exploring the social context. Women are supposed to feel very calm generall y, but women feel just as men feel.These elements link back to a moral psychological investigation rather than an exploration of feminism. Jane Eyre is primarily center on the development of an individual. The text shows Janes development from a child to an adult using characterisation, setting, narrative voice and romantic imagery. Bronte adds depth to characters by introducing aspects of her social and personal context. While critics in the Victorian context label Jane Eyre as a feminist novel or an anti-Christian book, in my contemporary reading it is neither of these things. Its merely the exploration of an individuals development.

Gender Imbalance

If such(prenominal) a large gender imbalance continues, effects on Asian society entrust include having a fully grown economy, a slower birthrate and m whatsoever detri custodytal mental effects particularly on Asian men. Firstly, thither depart be a bad economy if the twist of a large gender imbalance whereby there argon many cleaning woman short, continues. This is due to two main reasons. men result rattling likely subject to frustration establish on the fact that they induce no one to release any cozy pleasure on, thus many stay bachelors, despite the want to get down a partner and settle down. Men allow also digest any focus on work as they constantly guess about sex and what-nots so when there is no focus set on their jobs, there result be no improvements or procession made, thus the economy is bound to slow down. Also, many men will stay unmarried as there is not enough women. Hence, if men do not get married, they would not need to purchase any additional supplies for both marriage and children needs, thus these industries supplying such products will have loses as the demand will be lesser than the supply. Secondly, Asia will meet with a slower birthrate.Take Singapore for example, already there is a huge problem with the slow birthrate thus the government are stepping up efforts to kerb this problem. However, with the current gender imbalance, things will only detiororate. This is in the first place due to men, who many stay bachelors , as they cannot find a satisfactory partner, they wont get married thus they would not produce any babies. If this trend continues, the birthrates will fall by a lot, as for every woman Asia is short of , that is the possible number of men that will stay as bachelors , in this case 160 gazillion which is 40 times Singapores population, hence it is a very big number.Also, 160 million times the successor rate of Asia will be the number of babies that can be tending(p) birth to , if there is no g ender imbalance, thus there would be a huge difference and the birthrate will be very slow as these babies are not given birth to, based on the absence of 160 million women. Thirdly, Asian men will face with many negative psychological and sexual effects. They will have sexual frustration as they would have no place to allow out their sexual desire- hence possibly turning to prostitution, which is wrong.Also, they will permit out any sexual desires in the wrong place, corpusing to a wrong sexual orientation, which will also lead them to committing crimes and sins. The fact that a large majority will neer get married will be a huge blow to them as they will never find a partner for life. This is due to the lack of 160 million women in Asian, thus these men will definitely face such effects. In conclusion, a large gender imbalance will lead to a bad economy, a slower birthrate and detrimental psychological effects , in the long run.

Bowlbys Attachment Theory

Introduction For the purpose of this assignment I go forth begin with a treation of John Bowl bys theory of fixing, this is sensation of the most used theories in childrens social work today. I will then discuss the origins of concomitant theory, with giving an overview of what attachment theory consists of. In addition I will critically analyse this theory by incorporating other theorists views. Further I will give a brief bill of how Mary Ainsworth questioned attachment and her outcomes and classifications, which strengthened and widened the theory.Finally I will discuss how this theory is used within social work settings, unitedly with influencing constitution initiatives . A brief overview is given regarding the ethical approach used together with its relevance to anti discriminatory practise. Bowlby initially began his career as a child psychiatrist, which later conduct him to undertake training at the British Psychoanalytic Institute. These early experiences contribut ed positively in Bowlbys research, which then led to the origins of attachment theory. This was his first empirical study to be undertaken. He examined cases of unadapted children in a school.Bowlby then linked the children who were committing petty crime, withal suffered with affectionless emotions. He then noted that all of these children had a history of separation and agnatic deprivation Bowlby then proceeded to expand his research, influenced by Konrad Lorenzs (1935) paper on imprinting. In which Lorenz researched behaviour of baby geese, where he stated is a phraseology sensitive learning which is implied within a _critical period (Lorenz 1935). _Bowlbys research was then one compromising concepts from ethologic, cybernetics and psychoanalysis methods.Thus making him guess that, humans are also born with tendencies to naturally promote attachment. The important concepts which Bowlby mainly focused on was monotropy a tendency to attach to one token care giver usually the mother. In addition he stated _the propensity to make strong emotional bonds to one particular individual is a basic component of human nature (Bowlby 1988). _He also goes on to state attachment aids in survival. Bowlby had dominating four categories that consisted in attachment. The proximity Maintenance Desire to be roughly the people we are attached to.Safe Haven Returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of fear or threat Secure Base The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment. withdrawal Distress Anxiety that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure. Ambivalent hamper _Where the child usually become very distressed when parents leave. This type is un common, commonly a result of poor maternal availability. _ After Ainsworths research, (Main, Solomon 1986) added a fourth attachment style from their own research Conclusion

The King’s Storm- A Point of No Return

Shakespeares King Lear examines the governing of betrayal and the awful costs paid by its victims. Nowhere in the play are these costs more apparent than in those scenes in which Lear and his exiled companions find themselves caught in the midst of a thunder storm unsheltered. As King, Lear collective the basic assumptions of monarchy, wholeness being that the universe is ordered check to a divine logic. Within this ideological construct, natural phenomena works as the generate of God.Therefore, thunderstorms, earthquakes, and floods are all extensions of Gods judgment- Biblical examples include the remnant of Sodom and Gomorrah, the Great Flood, the Parting of the Red Sea, etc., etc. Though King Lear is inured in pre-Christian Britain, the dynamic enshrined in these examples operates here as intumesce- the immoral shall be punished and the moral shall be quited. This order of due punishment and reward is shocked when Lear is betrayed by his ungrateful daughters, Regan and Goneril. The ensuing storm is a facial expression of this order overthrown, and is as nonable for its symbolic function as it is for its accept effect on King Lear.Just as a storm depart cover the suns rays, many of the casings left in the storm energise been forced to cover or mask their true, righteous tempers. Kent and Edgar twain don the apparel and manners of unlearned beggars in order to dish up those they serve in a time of crisis. Lear similarly adopts the apparel of insaneness, constant of gravitationgh unlike the previously mentioned characters, he does so by compulsion preferably than artifice. For Kent and Edgar, these transformations arent permanent, as the indignity symbolized by the storm does non conquer them. hardly for Lear, the storm is the last stand for his sanity. Hes simply ineffective to think of his daughters betrayal, for that way Madness lies (Act III, scene 4, line 21).Another interesting pair between the nature of the storm and that of L ears madness can be drawn here. A storm is by definition the release of fold energies, energies that either implode or combust but will not dissipate. As the horrible knowledge of his misjudgments dawns on Lear, this knowledge brings the form of neurotic energies which must either implode as madness or explode as acts of revenge.Perhaps if Lear were a younger man, he tycoon have tried and true at revenge, but madness is the seemingly inevitable result of such extreme misfortune at such advanced age. Just as the storm explodes with its torrential rains and its deafening thunder, Lear begins his implosion in counterpoint, descending into madness. As he cannot match the explosive rage of the storm with an act of revenge, he must mount an equally powerful attack on his own psyche.His painful sensation runs so deep by this point that the literal gales cannot compare to the tempest in his Mind (III, 4, 12). Pragmatically, implosion serves not only the purpose of dispersing irrepr essible psychoneurotic energies, but also sets up a bulwark through which pull ahead pains cannot penetrate. Thus, the aforementioned Tempest in Lears Mind / Doth from his Sense take all Feeling else / Save what beats there, Filial Ingratitude (III, 4, 12-14).Viewed from a different perspective, the storm can be seen as a gainsay to Lear- can he show the strength and resolve thats undeniable to right the wrongs that have been done to him? His answer to that challenge is a echo no. Though at some points he seems resolute, as when he calls out to the storm to Pour on, I will endure, his ensuing madness betrays such exclamations (III, 4, 16).Lear does endure, but only behind the aforementioned harbor of implosion, a purgatorial state in which neither engagement with reality nor finis is possible. Its only a little later that he effectively renounces what was left of his regal spirit, crying, -Take Physic, Pomp/ Expose thy self to feel what Wretches feel,/ That thou mayst shake the Superflux to them/ And shew the Heavens more Just (Lear, III, 4, 33-36). Though this line could be interpreted as a positive call for princely humility in another context, here it is nothing more than a slightly veiled admission of surrender. In lowering himself to the level of a common Wretch, he does not take dignity with him, but leaves it a memory of his once-glorious past.When envisioning the effects of the storm on Lear, one must consider not only the storm in itself, but the circumstances in which he experiences it. If he had experienced such a storm in even a poor peasants cottage, the deposed king might have been able to clutch onto a final shred of imperial composure and dignity. But wooly in the wilderness, Lear realizes that he has truly lost control of a land he once ruled, and of himself as well for that matter. To build a shelter for oneself from cold and wind and rain is at bottom an attempt to control the elements, to moderate their rule over ones life.Lea r has, by this point, locomote so far from his earlier aggrandisement that he no longer has this basic semblance of control to shield him from the whims of nature. The former king has effectively dismounten from the highest station one could have to the very lowest. This extreme transformation finds its expression in the extreme nature of the storm. It is not a polite storm but one in which Sheets of Fire,Bursts of horrid Thunder,and Groans of roaring Wind and Rain paint a construe of hell on Earth (Kent, III, 2, 46-47).With these symbolic cues, one is meant to understand that Lear has fallen from the paradise of his court to the hell of a stormy wilderness. His fall bears some resemblance to the Biblical story of decade and Eve who were tempted by the praise and promises of Satan into actions forbidden by God and thus were expelled from paradise. Accordingly, the idea of devils, or Fiends, permeates the speech of Edgar in his guise as Old Tom, the beggar, and though its never explicitly stated, these Fiends are likely the betrayers Edmund, Goneril, Regan and Cornwall. The flattery of these betrayers preys on the pleasant faith of their victims, just as the snake preyed on that of Adam and Eve.But whereas Adam and Eve understood the consequences of their actions, Lear does not, and therefore his actions cannot be considered sinful, only misguided. So fittingly, it is not through the will of God but by the machinations of his betrayers, that Lear is sentenced to a wilderness, the character of which would usually be reserved for criminals and evil-doers. It is a realm in which, according to Edmund, revenging Gods/ Gainst Parricides did all the Thunder Bend (II, 1, 46-47). Thus, Lear is unjustly submitted to the thunderbolts that should be reserved for his betrayers. So it is that the storm appears at this critical time in the play as a manifestation of a judgmental wrath that has been rendered impotent.This is perhaps the low-water mark in the fortunes of the righteous, when all are gathered a collective of exiles, and the plans of the pixilated have yet to begin their slow unraveling. The spaces normally reserved for the righteous (the royal courts) are occupied by the wicked, and those normally reserved for the wicked (the stormy wilderness) are occupied by the righteous. The hand of judgment seems to have been momentarily confused. At the conclusion of the play, Albany attempts to set things back in their rightful order, despite great losses already suffered, stating All Friends shall experiment/ The Wages of their Virtue, and all Foes/ The Cup of their Deservings (V, 3, 295-301).Exposed to the ravages of storm, such a sense of nicety seems unattainable to Lear, an ideal lost in an age of treachery. The storm serves as his personal point of no return, after such a fall from grace it seems impossible that he could rise again. And he cannot- the storm is Lears crucifixion, though he still lived after its passing, something in hi m recognizes that as he inadvertently birthed the chaos that engulfs him, he must die for it to pass.

Religion may be losing its power at an institutional level, but it still retains immense influence over individual consciousness

Statistical evidence suggests that in harm of institutional holiness, membership is in make up in Britain and in such(prenominal) of the rest of the world. church building attending figures show a continuing drop in attendance passim the twentieth century subdivisionicularly in Angli lavatory, Baptist and Catholic Churches. It has also been undercoat that the number of children cosmos baptised has dropped from 65% of the British child macrocosm to only 27%. Many sociologists use these statistics as support for their guesswork in the secularisation of our alliance.However an equal number disregard these facts as evidence of secularisation, arguing that for our decree to become secular there essential be a decline in spectral smell non just Church membership. Institutional apparitional flavor hindquarters be delineate as a large organisation, that has break-danceicular codes of conduct, values and righteouss which members be supposed to follow. Private precept is when an individual has their avouch set of beliefs and moral guidelines to follow, worship and abidance to these rules ar conducted personally and internally.An opinion poll conducted in 1991 called the British Social Attitudes Survey found that only 10% of the position population and 1% of the people in Northern Ireland denied the existence of perfection outright. This suggests that Britain has a religious population supporting the estimate that religion facilitate has major influence over religious consciousness. It is therefore necessary to apologize what has caused the decline in popularity of institutional religion if it is non a decline in religious belief itself.It can be argued that for a company to be truly religious, religion must melt a part in every aspect of life. This religious Golden Age was present in Britain in the Medieval Ages where the Church held most of the force, wealth and status. Today the Church has less(prenominal) wealth and plays little pa rt in the running of the farming (there is little Church representation in the Government), Martin (1969) calls this process the disengagement of religion from wider alliance.However many sociologists would dispute that the Golden Age of religion does not automatically indicate an enhanced religious thinking just actually a lack of spiritual freedom which can lessen religious conviction. With an increasingly diverse ethnic mix present in British society there are more religions. Religious pluralism has made people aware that spirituality can be an individual journey and that they are not required to share the same beliefs as everyone else to be religious.This is verification of the idea that institutional religion is in decline save not of secularisation, as although religious beliefs stomach changed they are still inherently spiritual. The sociologist Bellah defined religion as the search for the ultimate meaning of life but driveed that this did not have to involve the sup ernatural. Bellah supported the theory that religious pluralism is evidence against, not for, secularisation saying that religion has become an individual quest as religious doctrine had become less strict.For example today it is unfunctional for all workers to rest on the Sabbath therefore it is no longer considered pixilated to work on a Sunday allowing many to conduct their own worship in their own time. Consequently it is impossible to use investigate on the Church and other institutional religions as evidence of secularisation. individuation is the natural evolution of religion whereby religion has not decreased but simply changed to become more personal to the individual. Bellah can be faulted still for his lack of evidence in individuation in wider Western society and also for his definition of religion being too vagueParsons argued that by dint of generalisation religious teachings have become an integral part of our society. instead than there being a number of diffe rent teachings and values in one society, the institutional religion (in Britain it is Christianity) doctrine has become more verbalise and embedded into modern culture. Parsons uses the example of healthcare. When the Church was at its height of power it was responsible for the running of the Hospitals, rather than the State. Religion was a major part of caring for the sick.Today Hospitals are run by the Government but the notion that it the responsibility of the healthy and able to care for the sick is a religious teaching. David Martin looked into generalisation in the US and found the same as Parsons however both have been criticised. It has been said that neither provide passable detailed evidence to support their theory, for example they do not preparation evidence that social values do not have a secular foundation rather than religious. Also many argue that it is slander to assume that Britain and the USA are basically Christian societies.In terms of whether society has become secular Parsons theory of generalisation suggests that this is not the case, religious principals have become embedded in our society. weber, another leading sociologist, concord that many of societys core social guidelines in modern society have a religious origin. However where weber significantly differs from Parsons is that he proposes that these guides to run have been transformed into secular guidelines, essentially Weber is arguing for secularisation.Weber uses his study The Protestant Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism to show how the popularity of the Protestant trustfulness has inadvertently caused a secular society. The teaching of the Protestant faith (to work hard and to keep reinvesting time, money and energy so to call for wealth) has lead to a decrease in the necessity of religion. Capitalism has brought somewhat an increase in wealth, which provides its own satisfaction and rewards so there is less need for religion. Furthermore new technology and the mech anization of industry has resulted in there being less call for religion as a motivator for hard work.Like generalisation the transformation theory can be condemned for lack of evidence for modern day values having religious origins. Alternatively one could argue that Webers theory does not disprove generalisation, he makes little argument for the Protestant Ethic not still being present in society today. Weber argued against individuation also, claiming that the supernatural belief has been banished from our society and all meanings and motives are governed by rational belief instead. Weber called this Desacrilisation.Wilson developed the argument for desacrilisation citing four reasons for the dissolution of supernatural conviction. Firstly the formulate in Protestantism, which Wilson argues encourages rational thought and behaviour. Secondly the rational organisation of society, this can be related to the fact that with a greater equilibrium in society this has lessened /. Fina lly the development of rational ideologies such as Communism have highlighted negativity within religious institutions (for example Marxs claim that Religion is the opium of the people).Desacrilisation can be denounced for its lack of hard data, it almost appears that much of the theory is based on the impressions of particular researchers. When looking at society from a different perspective it is clear to see that the supernatural does play a significant role in our lives. An example being belief in superstitions such as walking under a break or making a hankering when you break a wish bone or blow out candles. To imply that supernatural belief has been banished from our society would eradicate all superstitious related actions, yet they are still prevalent in our society.

Egyptian Art: Sakhmet

The archaeologist came to this conclusion based on hieroglyph samples at Gaza, which showed clear and deep cuts in diorite and granite. Sesames is an Egyptian, African cheer goddess whose name meaner The sizable single. Sesames reigned over Egypt from 1390- 1352 B. C. E. Its said she was known to have always been absorbed in red garments hence another one of her many nicknames was wild Lady. The tokenism of her red garments, were from the blood of her conquered enemies. Her name is derived from the Egyptian word come on (which meaner power or might) and is often translated as the Powerful One.She is depicted as a lion-headed woman, somemultiplication with the addition of a sun disc on her head. Her seated statues show her holding the ankh of life, but when she is shown striding or standing she usually holds a scepter formed from papyrus (the symbol of northern or get down Egypt) suggesting that she was associated primarily with the north. However, some scholars argue that th e immortal was introduced from Sudan ( mho of Egypt) where lions are more plentiful. It was said that her breath formed the desert. She was seen as the shielder of the harass and led them in warfare.Sesames was associated with the goddesses given the title pump of Re she wore a sun-disk and cobra on her brow, identifying her as the daughter of the sun god Re. harmonize to myth, Ra became angry because mankind was not following his laws and preserving Matt referee or balance). He decided to punish mankind by displace an aspect of his daughter, the Eye of Ra. He plucked Hath from Areas on his brow, and direct her to earth in the form of a lion. She became Scheme, the Eye of Re and began her rampage. The palm ran with human load. However, Re was not a cruel deity, and the sight of the massacre caused him to repent.He ordered her to stop, but she was in a blood thirst and would not listen. So Re poured 7,000 Jugs of beer and pomegranate Juice (which stained the beer blood red) in her path. She gorged on the blood and became so drunk she slept for three twenty-four hour periods. When she awoke, her blood lust had dissipated, and humanity was saved. In another version of the myth, Path is the first affaire she sees on awaking and she instantly fell in love with him. Their union (creation and destruction) created Unfetter (healing) and so re-established Matt. The saving of mankind was commemorated every year on the feast day of Hath/Scheme.Everyone drank beer stained with pomegranate Juice and worshipped the Mistress and lady of the tomb, humane one, destroyer of rebellion, mighty one of enchantments. A statue of Scheme was dressed in red facing west, term Bass was dressed in dark-green and faced east. Bass was sometimes considered to be Sesames s counterpart (or touch depending on the legend), and in the festival of Hath they embodied the duality central to Egyptian mythology. Scheme represented Upper Egypt while Bass represented Lower Egypt. In her r ole as the eye of Re, Sesames was dispatched abroad to destroy Egypt enemies.Sesames became ferocious when she discovered Re set another goddess in her place while she was away. The Eye refused to return and protect Egypt, until pacified by wine, music, and dance. The Egyptians explained the suns annual motion toward the south and then back to Egypt as the Eyes departure and return. In other myths, Res Eye symbolized natural phenomena, such as the Niles flood and the Egyptian new year. Although Kismets received form was believed to be hidden, this busts lioness face refers to her power and fierce nature, which could either retain or destroy.The goddesss benevolence and protection were deemed particularly necessary at times of transition, such as the new day or year. Amputated Ill licensed two or more Sesames statues for each day in the year, make the goddesss favor and protection. Many statues of Sesames were found in the precinct of Mute Kara. Since Kismets actions were primar ily unhealthful while Mute represented protection, the two goddesses were sometimes insider as the ordained and negative aspects of one deity.In conclusion, my trip to the Brooklyn Museum of art was not my first, nor will it be my last, but it was the most entertaining and informative trip. Next time I go I will definitely bring some friends along so they can enjoy the rich Egyptian culture as much as I did. This is a statue of Sesames. Medium Grandiosity plant Found Thebes, Egypt Dates ca. 1390-1352 B. C. E. Dynasty XVIII Dynasty Period New Kingdom Dimensions 39 x 19 7/8 x 15 9/16 TN. (99 x 50. 5 x 39. 5 CM)

Knight Templar

The Knights Templar is an organization founded in the stratum 1112 A.D. within the Christian community with a sole begin of protect the Christians who were tour the Holy Jerusalem through Palestine, a land predominate by the Muslims. They were protect the Christians from the access of the Muslims. They were so courageous and fierce in battles, and had vowed on homage,chastity and poverty(Knight Templar Website,2008).Notably, they also booked themselves in motive(a) activities including banking, construct,farming,engineering and they were monks(Templar UK Website).They were also know to as the Poor Knights of Christ, which was a kind of a symbolic physical body. pull down though they engaged in parvenue(prenominal) activities desire banking, the core legal action was in warfare. The activity of banking just arose due to the trust that the crusaders had in the Knights Templar members ,leaving them with of import items on which they took custody of them at fee. The Templ ars were considered to the best trained and disciplines war work force of the time and they were directly responsible to the pope, who was the leader of the Catholic Church. It believed that It is this Knights Templar that laid a foundation for the development of the modern army brass instruments and operations. On their seal, its was a impression of one horse boarded by deuce Knights which was symbolic in cover how poor they were.On the start of Knights Templar Organization, its quickly grew becoming politically influential in the international politics, in the sense that it took control of the areas that it hard influence to an im actuate that is employ to collect taxes and initiated tithing in those areas,which accelerated the fast addition into a form of a political institution. The commanding structure of the Knight Templar was ilk that of the Monastics Order, which was designed by Bernard of Clairvaux, who was the the founder of Cistercian Order. They were above all th e authorities,as declared by the Pope exclusively under Pope.The Knights involvement in banking was non intentional, but it rather came due to their reputations in terms of the confidence that the public had on them. The confidence came from their trustworthiness and the respect of their military system, which was mighty and their financial steadiness too. Their banking system just started from the point when they stared transporting currency and supplies from atomic name 63 to Palestine, that afterwards certain into a very efficient banking system which was incomparable to any other banking system that one could have thought of by that time.The Knights were characterized of being disinterested in defending Jerusalem and other Blessed lands, which in unloose enab guide them to gather a lot of wealthiness from these lands that came in as gifts from their grateful benefactors, from their activities of protecting their lands. They used to get more other wealth from those ot her orders who joined them,in the form of property and property. These sources of wealth enab conduct the Knights to have excess money that it used to invest and lend, in the play of honoring their vow of of poverty, disposed that they had taken oaths of fighting poverty. Other than these aforementioned sources of wealth, the Pope also used to grant the funds ans in this case,funds of huge sums.The cash which the Templars collect and had in reserve was normally kept in chapter houses and church servicees(temples), which created avenue for well-to-do access to money for the lender that encouraged stock-still the Spanish who were visiting the Holy land,Jerusalem to lend by the year 1135.The made easy instrument of accessing cash by the pilgrims real enable growth in the banking activities that the Knights complicated in, and the banking system itself got favor from it not bringing complications within the order and the Church, which was a show of its political mighty. The Kni ghts chose not to involve the church in the banking system to avoid complications, and specifically it did not involve the church directly in the building of the mortgaged as machinates.The banking system grew bigger and become more efficient, stipulation that it took care and understood the subscribes of the communities in which they were operating in, that made it so influential at the holy land and also in Europe. It is slipway of operation and specifically with its banking system, drew the attention of other order from the Europe who were aspiring to solely take control of the money and the banking sector aft(prenominal) the Civil war. Their attention was drawn because the Templars were possessing a lot of holdings in areas blanket Europe and the Middle east and the island of Cyprus(Crystalinks meshsite,2008).The formation of the Knight Templar followed after the livery of Jerusalem (Knight Templar electronic networksite,2008), when the Crusaders decided to to go back to their home in the process of honoring their vow, although their was hostility from their Muslims neighbors residing in Palestine. The formation of the Knight Templar was initiated when there arose need for protecting the Christian community and they were accepted by Baldwin II in providing the services , after taking a vow of perpetual onward the then Patriarch of Jerusalem and by and by assigned a part of his palace that as bordering with the temple of the city in Jerusalem,that followed the naming of them as the poor Knights of the Temple. They barely started being totally nine in number of which they were unable to delver any of their intended services and particularly the one for protecting the holy land and the Christian community and they were headed by Huges de Payend.In preparation to kicking start their operations their leader,Huges traveled to the west in requesting the acknowledgment by the church and also to recruit more other members. Knights neer had a specified code of rules by then until they came to adapt the Rule of St. Benedict, which was ulterior refined to Cistercians, and they also adapted the three vows of perpetual in accompaniment to the crusaders vows , the rules of the church and the rules of the dormitory. The new recruits were expected to behave in accord to the set rules within the Knight Templar composed of four major categories consisted of the farmers,Knights, chaplains and Sergeants. In admittance to their rules, the Knight Templars also adapted the Red cross sign from the Cistercians Rules.The establishment of Knights Templar was welcomed with a high spirits, to an extend that even before they had shown their abilities, they trustworthy a lot of favor of every kind, where the preceding Popes safe guarded them by exempting them from all kinds of prosecutions, episcopal or secular. All the property owned by the Knights was free from tax and they did this by assimilating their property into church compounds, and they w ere exempted from stipendiary the ecclesiastical tithes and having their churches and cemeteries interdicted. The special treat that was offered to these Knights later brought misunderstanding among the clergy men of the holy land debating on whether to wipe or not wipe these favors, although this was never an issue to discuss in Rome as they were guaranteed these favors without question and the favors that they sure from the Europe were worth to make an impact.The Templars had representative in every state, in the name of commanderies, including France which had forty two commanderies and Palestine where grabbed wealth at the prejudice of the Muslims. For example in the Palestine they had build major possessions interchangeable the Safed, Karak and the rook of Pilgrim that was built in the year 1217 with an aim of defiling the coast of the sea.The character of the Knights was indistinct ,with respect to the services that they provided. They were fierce in war and very little in chapels without fear of death on protecting Christianity, and they were the first to attack not well-favoured up easily, piece keeping word from their leaders, although they were not very many by then(Veling Website). On the start of their prosperity, there were only 400 knights in Jerusalem, but composed of noble men who godlike the rest of the Christian community.They normally used to fight to the end without giving up,even if it means held as captives and when held mostly by the Muslims in forcing them to deny the Nazarene Christ, on which they died keeping to their faith. Although they were not easily giving up,this situation and experiences shake up more recruits because it required more commitment just more than being recruited in the order,Knight Templar, because all that was expected from a new recruits was total obedience to the rules without compromise. They new recruits were normally put into test in, on testing their unassumingness and keeping of secret, althou gh later their was some kind of laxity in notice the rules caused by the great wealth they had acquired and also the greedy for poor.At the amid of its growth,the Knights Templar had 9000 estates among other wealth holdings that were deposited in the temples at both Paris and London, including the deposits that were under custody received from the princes and individuals just because of their trustworthiness. On this order reaching a kind of an indie state it started extending assistance to the disadvantaged members of the society, that included the minorities and people with various disabilities.During the growth of this order, their happened to be another order by the name Hospitallers that was started in imitating the Knights and which later brought conflict betwixt the two orders due to clashing activities and greed for power. The Hospitallers engaged in military just as the Knights which ignited rivalry between the two orders, but this rivalry was solved by uniting the two o rder, which was suggested by St. Louis in a council of Lyons in the year 1274, but the coupler was proposed to start in a new form by Pope Nicholas II in the year 1293 (Templars UK Website,1996), on calling for consultations from Christian states.The troubles that led with the collapsing of the Knights Templar started from their denial to compensate the then king of France, Philip IV for his wars(New advent Website). The pansy had tried so many way in persuading the Knights to pay including the consummation Popes from the time of Pope Boniface VIII to merciful V, although Pope Clement V had agreed with power Philip IV but the Knights Declined. In vindicate for decline of the Knights Templar,on October 13,1307,King Philip IV of France arrested the Knights Templar in France and tortured them.The king later held the exchequer of the Knights and disbanded their money banking system, and it was perceived of him being jealousy of the Templars operations , more especially their wealt h and power, which made him envy in controlling them alone. The act of King of France, Philip IV over the Knights sent a deterrence to other orders like the Hospitallers,the Rhodes and the Malta, which convinced them giving up the banking operations in some states like Jerusalem.This was a real break through in the collapse of the Knights Templar as the assets which were outside France were transferred to the ownership of Knights Hospitallers, which was a directive from the Pope and the survivors from the Knights Templar menace were admitted into their former rival Hospitallers. Pope Clement V commanded the dissolving of the Knight Templar. even though so many Kings in various states had not advocated for that, and for type the king of Spain declined in giving in to the demands of Pope Clement V in transferring all the assets belonging Knights Templar to Hospitallers, although they were later transferred to another order by the Montesa. In Portugal, they only changed the name of th e order and rather called it Order of Christ, which was led by Price Henry for 20 years before his death, while the King of Scot had disbanded the order of Knights Templar with different reasons.Conclusion. Knight Templar is an organization that was formed in the the year 1112, with a membership of Nine members, with a sole aim of protecting Christianity and more especially the pilgrims to the holy land from the Europe from their Muslim neighbors who were trying to deter the spread of Christianity. The nine members headed by Huges, recruited more new members and the recruitment was real fast because the order.Knight Templar was highly accepted within the church community, and later after having new recruits they adapted a set of rules which were designed by Cistercians. Involuntary during their operations in providing military services, they found themselves with a very efficient banking system and this was triggered by their trustworthiness in kind the public confidence, and it st arted by them being left with precious goods by the crusaders,which later become as big as transmitting money and , building mortgaged property , acting as a custodian for the stored money and also the lending of money in fulling their Vow of poverty.It grew bigger,extending to many states including France,Spain and Scot. The attend of Knight Templar originated from their decline to compensate the then king of France,King Philip IV for the wars that he fought. He revenge by arresting the Templars and seizing their Assets in France. On adding an injury to a wound, the the Pope, after the arrest of the Templars in France he gave a directive disbanding the Knights Templar organization, ans the transfer of their assets to another order by the name Hospitallers which was a rival order to Knights Templar, on their clash in their respective(prenominal) responsibilities as their operations were like a duplicate.ReferenceLuther J. ,2008 , Knight Templar, Retrieved May 9th,2008 From from the military man abundant web www.crystalinks.com/templars1.htmlDrill M.,2008,Grand Encampment of Knight TemplarRetrieved May 9th,2008 From from the World Wide web www.knightstemplar.org/purpose1.htmlCharles M.,1912, The Knights TemplarsNew Advent Website ,Retrieved May 9th,2008 From from the World Wide web www.newadvent.org/cathen/14493a.htmSimon F.,2008,The Grand priority of Knights Templars in UK and Wales.,Retrieved May 9th,2008 From from the World Wide web www.templars.org.uk/Vatican II,1996, Knights Templar,Retrieved May 9th,2008 From from the World Wide web www.veling.nl/anne/templars/